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411.
Many experiments have shown that knowing a targets visual features improves search performance over knowing the target name. Other experiments have shown that scene context can facilitate object search in natural scenes. In this study, we investigated how scene context and target features affect search performance. We examined two possible sources of information from scene context—the scenes gist and the visual details of the scene—and how they potentially interact with target-feature information. Prior to commencing search, participants were shown a scene and a target cue depicting either a picture or the category name (or no-information control). Using eye movement measures, we investigated how the target features and scene context influenced two components of search: early attentional guidance processes and later verification processes involved in the identification of the target. We found that both scene context and target features improved guidance, but that target features also improved speed of target recognition. Furthermore, we found that a scenes visual details played an important role in improving guidance, much more so than did the scenes gist alone. 相似文献
412.
Transfer of skill engendered by complex task training under conditions of variable priority 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Boot WR Basak C Erickson KI Neider M Simons DJ Fabiani M Gratton G Voss MW Prakash R Lee H Low KA Kramer AF 《Acta psychologica》2010,135(3):349-357
We explored the theoretical underpinnings of a commonly used training strategy by examining issues of training and transfer of skill in the context of a complex video game (Space Fortress, Donchin, 1989). Participants trained using one of two training regimens: Full Emphasis Training (FET) or Variable Priority Training (VPT). Transfer of training was assessed with a large battery of cognitive and psychomotor tasks ranging from basic laboratory paradigms measuring reasoning, memory, and attention to complex real-world simulations. Consistent with previous studies, VPT accelerated learning and maximized task mastery. However, the hypothesis that VPT would result in broader transfer of training received limited support. Rather, transfer was most evident in tasks that were most similar to the Space Fortress game itself. Results are discussed in terms of potential limitations of the VPT approach. 相似文献
413.
Research on racial and gender stereotyping typically focuses on the role of one of these social categories at a time rather than race/gender combinations. We suggest that the relative non-prototypicality of Black women’s race and gender results in their “invisibility” relative to White women and to Black and White men (
[Fryberg and Townsend, 2008] and [Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach, 2008]). Two studies address whether Black women go “unnoticed” and their voices “unheard,” by examining memory for Black women’s faces and speech contributions. We found that photos of Black women were least likely to be recognized (Study 1), and statements said by a Black woman in a group discussion were least likely to be correctly attributed (Study 2) compared to Black men and White women and White men. The importance and implications of invisibility as a unique form of discrimination are discussed. 相似文献
414.
This paper explores the links between the changes associated with the processes of globalization and their psycho-social consequences.
Focusing primarily on socio-cultural domain, it examines the impact of globalization on various facets of individual psyche.
The paper also looks at social functioning, delineates the role of globalization and acculturation processes in the decentring,
dislocation, and reconstitution of core identities that provide crucial linkages to the well-being consequences. The review
shows that despite threats to their valued identities, ethnic-minority immigrants who adopt active, problem-focused coping
and/or identify with their social identity-based support groups cope efficaciously with stress of identity-based discrimination
and devaluation, protect their well-being, and even report enhanced collective self-esteem. The “threatened identities” and
“coping options—resources and strategies” that are invoked to cope with such threats, are significant psycho-social moderators
between the processes of globalization and the well-being of individuals and groups. 相似文献
415.
Kyle E. Mathewson Monica Fabiani Gabriele Gratton Diane M. Beck Alejandro Lleras 《Cognition》2010,115(1):186-191
At near-threshold levels of stimulation, identical stimulus parameters can result in very different phenomenal experiences. Can we manipulate which stimuli reach consciousness? Here we show that consciousness of otherwise masked stimuli can be experimentally induced by sensory entrainment. We preceded a backward-masked stimulus with a series of rapid visual events presented at 12 Hz for 800 ms. Peaks in visual sensitivity (d′) were observed when the target appeared at the time that the next entraining stimuli would have occurred. Observers’ sensitivity for identical masked near-threshold stimuli increased by factors as large as 55%, but only at this precise moment in time. These data thus reveal that awareness of near-threshold stimuli can be manipulated by entrainment to rhythmic events, supporting the functional role of induced oscillations in underlying cortical excitability, and suggest a plausible mechanism of temporal attention. 相似文献
416.
Rodica Ghinescu Todd R. Schachtman Michael A. Stadler Monica Fabiani Gabriele Gratton 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(2):197-205
This experiment investigated whether subjects' selection and use of strategies in detecting a target letter in a flanker task
requires intention. Subjects' expectancies for compatible and incompatible trials (trials on which the response to the flanker
stimulus was consistent or inconsistent with the target response) were manipulated by presenting cues that signaled the occurrence
of these types of trials. Three groups of subjects received explicit, partially explicit, or implicit instructions about the
meaning of the cues. By the end of the experiment, all the groups were able to select and use strategies based on the cues
to improve their performance. However, this strategy selection developed slowly with practice in the latter two groups, whereas
it was present from the outset in the first group. In addition, forced choice tests performed after the experiment showed
that the subjects in the implicit condition could not intentionally indicate which stimuli were most likely to follow a given
cue. Thus, the data suggest that the selection of strategies occurred outside the subjects' awareness, and without their intention. 相似文献
417.
Young I. Cho Monica J. Martin Rand D. Conger Keith F. Widaman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):157-168
We investigated measurement equivalence in two antisocial behavior scales (i.e., one scale for adolescents and a second scale
for young adults) by examining differential item functioning (DIF) for respondents from single-parent (n = 109) and two-parent families (n = 447). Even though one item in the scale for adolescents and two items in the scale for young adults showed significant
DIF, the two scales exhibited non-significant differential test functioning (DTF). Both uniform and nonuniform DIF were investigated
and examples of each type were identified. Specifically, uniform DIF was exhibited in the adolescent scale whereas nonuniform
DIF was shown in the young adult scale. Implications of DIF results for assessment of antisocial behavior, along with strengths
and limitations of the study, are discussed. 相似文献
418.
Belinda Thewes Bettina Meiser Monica Tucker Kathy Tucker 《Journal of genetic counseling》2003,12(1):61-76
This study aims to survey the unmet support needs of women at increased risk of developing breast cancer. In total, 173 unaffected women with a family history of breast cancer completed a 28-item purposely-designed mailed survey. The majority of participants did not report a high level of unmet need for support. Receiving further information about cancer genetics was the most commonly reported area of unmet need. Only about 20% of participants reported a moderate to high degree of interest in attending a hypothetical support group. However, a higher degree of interest was expressed in internet-based information and supportive interventions. Amongst those interested in attending a support group, discussion, and receiving further information were the most preferred activities. Higher levels of unmet support needs were significantly associated with interest in attending groups. No demographic variables were found to predict interest in attending a support group. Implications for those considering establishing support groups are discussed. 相似文献
419.
Monica Kurylo Timothy R. Elliott Lisa DeVivo Laura E. Dreer 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2004,11(3):151-157
Family members have a considerable impact on the health and well-being of others in the family. The characteristics of family caregivers that relate to care recipients' positive and negative outcomes associated with chronic disease have received scant empirical attention. We reasoned that family caregiver social problem solving abilities would be associated with depression and life satisfaction reported by persons with congestive heart failure (CHF). Correlational analyses found that caregiver negative orientation toward solving problems was significantly predictive of higher depression and with decreased life satisfaction of persons with CHF. These findings indicate that family caregiver problem solving abilities are important factors in adjustment following CHF. Implications for clinical interventions and theoretical models of problem solving are discussed. 相似文献
420.
In this review, we detail three personality traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) that have gained popularity in the last decade as the ‘Dark Triad’. These traits are useful to augment research on personality, like the Big Five traits, as they capture individual differences in ‘darker’ aspects of personality more fully. We briefly review the body of work surrounding these traits, how they are measured, how they can be understood through the exploration of their nomological network, and the role each trait plays in various domains like organisational psychology and interpersonal relationships. We then detail how an evolutionary paradigm can provide a novel and powerful way of understanding these traits. Finally, we explore broad-spectrum concerns about the research and thoughts on how one might think about these issues. 相似文献