In this essay, I explore an exam format that pairs multiple‐choice questions with required rationales. In a space adjacent to each multiple‐choice question, students explain why or how they arrived at the answer they selected. This exercise builds the critical thinking skill known as metacognition, thinking about thinking, into an exam that also engages students in the methods of the academic study of religion by asking them to compare familiar excerpts and images. As a form of assessment, the exam provides a record of students' knowledge and their thought processes, and as a learning strategy, it encourages students to examine the thought processes they use to understand religion(s) and its many manifestations.相似文献
Despite literature revealing the adverse consequences of objectifying gazes for women, little work has empirically examined origins of objectifying gazes by perceivers. Integrating alcohol myopia and objectification theories, we examined the effects of alcohol as well as perceived female attractiveness, warmth, and competence on objectifying gazes. Specifically, male undergraduates (n?=?49) from a large U.S. Midwestern university were administered either an alcoholic or placebo beverage. After consumption, participants were asked to focus on the appearance or personality (counterbalanced) of pictured women who were previously rated as high, average, or low in attractiveness, warmth, and competence. Replicating previous work, appearance focus increased objectifying gazes as measured by decreased visual dwell time on women’s faces and increased dwell time on women’s bodies. Additionally, alcohol increased objectifying gazes. Whereas greater perceived attractiveness increased objectifying gazes, more perceived warmth and perceived competence decreased objectifying gazes. Furthermore, the effects of warmth and competence perceptions on objectifying gazes were moderated by alcohol condition; intoxicated participants objectified women low in warmth and competence to a greater extent than did sober participants. Implications for understanding men’s objectifying perceptions of women are addressed, shedding light on potential interventions for clinicians and policymakers to reduce alcohol-involved objectification and related sexual aggression. 相似文献
Although absent from traditional diagnostic nosologies, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) may have transdiagnostic utility given its robust associations with ADHD and internalizing symptoms as well as with cognitive impairments common to these conditions. Within-person variation in SCT symptoms may also serve to link ADHD, cognitive deficits, and internalizing psychopathology, however, few studies have utilized intensive longitudinal designs to probe within-person variation in SCT and its links to cognitive deficits and psychopathology. Ecological Momentary Assessment was used to measure between and within-person variance in SCT 4 times per day across 7 days (28 time-points) in 158 college students (approximately 51% with elevated ADHD and/or internalizing symptoms). Participants also completed ratings of current and childhood ADHD symptoms, cognitive function and internalizing psychopathology. Parameters derived from longitudinal multilevel models indexing between and within person variation in SCT were examined as mediators of the associations between (1) ADHD and internalizing symptoms and (2) self-reported cognitive functioning and internalizing symptoms. Results indicated that between-person differences in SCT, but not within-person variability, linked current and childhood ADHD and internalizing symptoms. Similarly, problems in time-management and organization influenced internalizing psychopathology via between-person differences in SCT. Results found that SCT may be a transdiagnostic link bridging mental health comorbidities, cognitive dysfunction, and internalizing psychopathology.
Two experiments investigated the effects of musicality and motivational orientation on auditory category learning. In both
experiments, participants learned to classify tone stimuli that varied in frequency and duration according to an initially
unknown disjunctive rule; feedback involved gaining points for correct responses (a gains reward structure) or losing points
for incorrect responses (a losses reward structure). For Experiment 1, participants were told at the start that musicians
typically outperform nonmusicians on the task, and then they were asked to identify themselves as either a “musician” or a
“nonmusician.” For Experiment 2, participants were given either a promotion focus prime (a performance-based opportunity to
gain entry into a raffle) or a prevention focus prime (a performance-based criterion that needed to be maintained to avoid
losing an entry into a raffle) at the start of the experiment. Consistent with a regulatory-fit hypothesis, self-identified
musicians and promotion-primed participants given a gains reward structure made more correct tone classifications and were
more likely to discover the optimal disjunctive rule than were musicians and promotion-primed participants experiencing losses.
Reward structure (gains vs. losses) had inconsistent effects on the performance of nonmusicians, and a weaker regulatory-fit
effect was found for the prevention focus prime. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate a regulatory-fit effect
in the domain of auditory category learning and show that motivational orientation may contribute to musician performance
advantages in auditory perception. 相似文献
This study examines possible synergistic effects of alcohol-related events and postevent assessments on changes in college student readiness to change alcohol use, frequency of alcohol use, and negative consequences. Students were participants in a longitudinal study of drinking behavior. A portion of those reporting negative alcohol events/consequences (e.g., injury, vomiting, memory loss) during the parent study were randomly selected to participate in the present study (n = 492) and randomized to a postevent assessment (n = 296) or a no-assessment control (n = 196). Participants in the postevent assessment group were interviewed soon after their event, and participants in both conditions were interviewed three months after their event. Linear regression models showed higher 3-month readiness to change alcohol use in participants who received a postevent assessment than those who did not. There were reductions in drinking days, heavy drinking days, and further consequences postevent, but no differences by assessment group. However, female participants showed greater reductions in drinking days and heavy drinking days if they were assigned to assessment compared to control. There also was greater postevent reduction in drinking days among assessment group participants with high precollege alcohol severity compared to low precollege alcohol severity. Conversely, participants who reported high aversiveness of their event and were in the control group showed greater reduction in heavy drinking days than those assigned to the assessment group. Findings suggest that college student heavy drinking is reactive to alcohol events, whereas reactivity to postevent assessments may depend on gender, alcohol severity, and event aversiveness. This work highlights the importance of considering possible interactions among extratherapeutic factors in clinical outcome research. 相似文献