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221.
Tina Q. Richardson Kimberly L. Molinaro 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(3):238-242
This review of the literature examines White counselor self-awareness as an important variable in developing multicultural competence. The self-dimension discussed in this article includes worldview, cultural values, and racial identity. It is suggested that counselor self-awareness is a prerequisite to developing multicultural competence and that an in-depth understanding of these factors may improve the delivery of mental health services to culturally diverse client populations. 相似文献
222.
Nicola Peluffo 《International journal of psychology》1967,2(3):187-198
Culture et problèms cognitifs. — L'A. étudie les effets du niveau culturel et des processus d'acculturation sur deux aspects du fonctionnement cognitif: L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive et L'élaboration des informations. Pour rendre compte du premier, ont été retenus les résultats d'une recherche faite sur des populations primitives de L'Amazonie soumises au test de Roschach: L'augmentation du pourcentage des réponses Dd., chez les sujets “acculturés” par rapport à ceux qui ne le sont pas, indique qu'il y a passage d'une phase de réponses globales et stéréotypées à une phase d'analyse détaillée bien qu'encore primitive. En second lieu, L'élaboration des informations drées de L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive a été étudiée relativement aux points suivants: causalité physique, notions de conservation, intégration de variables antagonistes et opération de combinaison. Les résultats montrent qu'un milieu socio-culturel sous-développé ou un niveau d'instruction nul ou insuffisant, ou encore un milieu de travail peu “acculturé” peuvent faire obstacle au développement d'un processus de pensée apte á considérer plusieurs variables, même antagonistes, à la fois, et à les intégrer dans une fonction unique, par un réseau de relations multiplicatives. En général, la seule maturation biologique ne permet pas d'atteindre complètement ce type de pensée. Le raisonnement des sujets adultes qui viennent d'un milieu sous-développé fluctue entre schème notionnel et schème figuratif; il se rapproche de L'un ou de L'autre selon le degré de pression qu'exercent les éléments perceptifs. C'est pourquoi on évoque ici L'utilité, limitée a la résolution d'un problème, que pourrait avoir le fait de dormer aux sujets des instruments mécaniques de “servo-pensée”. Les résultats de ces études semblent enfin montrer que certains retards dans le développement intellectuel peuvent être rattrapés lorsqu'on place les sujets dans un milieu plus favorable. 相似文献
223.
In Spanish, objects and events at subject position constrain the selection of different forms of the auxiliary verb “to be”: locative predicates about objects require “estar en”, while those relating to events require “ser en”, both translatable as “to be in”. Subjective ratings showed that while the “object + ser + en” is considered as incorrect, the “event + estar + en” combination is also perceived as unacceptable but to a lesser degree. In an ERP study, we evaluated the impact of a purely semantic distinction (object versus events) on the subsequent processing of these auxiliary verbs followed by locatives in Spanish. For the “ser en” predicate, the P600 component was larger when the subject was an object than when it was an event. This P600 effect is consistent with an online repair of the defining predicate when it does not fit with the adequate semantic properties of the subject. On the other hand, for the “estar en” predicate, event subjects when compared to object subjects showed more positive ongoing amplitudes between 280 and 380 ms after the presentation of the “en” preposition, followed by a longer positive wave starting around 400 ms and lasting until 700 ms after the presentation of the following determiner, with central and frontal scalp distributions respectively. Thus, the different subject-predicate combinations, depending on the semantic features of the subjects, triggered syntactic reparatory processes at a structural level. These findings are consistent with an incremental interpretation of sentence meaning based on the interaction between syntactic and semantic information. 相似文献
224.
Meaningfulness and integrative processing of expressive writing may influence the effect of expressive writing. Participants completed measures of positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction before and after an expressive writing intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four expressive writing instruction conditions, which combined higher and lower levels of meaning and integrative processing instructions. Meaningfulness and integrative processing instructions had significant effects in increasing positive affect and there was a significant interaction between meaningfulness instructions and integrative processing instructions; participants in the high meaningfulness and high integrative processing instruction condition showed the greatest increase in positive affect. Meaningfulness had a significant effect in decreasing negative affect. The intervention did not influence life satisfaction. Both meaningfulness and integrative processing instructions led to more self-reported personal meaningfulness of the writing and more cognitive, emotional, behavioural and situational changes. More self-reported meaningfulness of the writing and more cognitive, emotional, behavioural and situational changes made as a result of the writing were in turn associated with greater increases in positive affect. The results of the study affirm the importance of meaningfulness and processing in expressive writing and potentially provide information regarding how to increase the effectiveness of expressive writing. 相似文献
225.
Nicola J. Broadbent Stephane Gaskin Larry R. Squire Robert E. Clark 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2010,17(1):5-11
In rodents, the novel object recognition task (NOR) has become a benchmark task for assessing recognition memory. Yet, despite its widespread use, a consensus has not developed about which brain structures are important for task performance. We assessed both the anterograde and retrograde effects of hippocampal lesions on performance in the NOR task. Rats received 12 5-min exposures to two identical objects and then received either bilateral lesions of the hippocampus or sham surgery 1 d, 4 wk, or 8 wk after the final exposure. On a retention test 2 wk after surgery, the 1-d and 4-wk hippocampal lesion groups exhibited impaired object recognition memory. In contrast, the 8-wk hippocampal lesion group performed similarly to controls, and both groups exhibited a preference for the novel object. These same rats were then given four postoperative tests using unique object pairs and a 3-h delay between the exposure phase and the test phase. Hippocampal lesions produced moderate and reliable memory impairment. The results suggest that the hippocampus is important for object recognition memory.Recognition memory refers to the ability to judge a previously encountered item as familiar and depends on the integrity of the medial temporal lobe (Squire et al. 2007). Tasks that assess recognition memory (and object recognition memory in particular) have become increasingly useful tools for basic and preclinical research investigating the neural basis of memory (Winters et al. 2008). Perhaps the best known of these tasks is the novel object recognition task (NOR) (also known as the visual paired-comparison task in studies with humans and monkeys).Studies of the NOR task in humans with hippocampal damage (McKee and Squire 1993; Pascalis et al. 2004) and in monkeys with selective damage to the hippocampus (Pascalis and Bachevalier 1999; Zola et al. 2000; Nemanic et al. 2004) have resulted in clear and consistent findings. Damage limited to the hippocampus is sufficient to produce impaired recognition memory (Squire et al. 2007, Box 1). In rats and mice, the NOR task has become particularly popular and is currently a benchmark task for assessing recognition memory. Yet despite its widespread use in rodents, the findings are rather mixed. For example, in the rat, although there is agreement that the perirhinal cortex is critically important for normal NOR performance, there is less agreement about the hippocampus (for review, see Winters et al. 2008). Although some of the discrepancies between studies may be attributed to differences in lesion size and in the length of the retention delay (Broadbent et al. 2004), these factors cannot account for all the findings (Squire et al. 2007).Whereas most studies have investigated the effects of hippocampal lesions on postoperative NOR performance, there is also interest in the effects of hippocampal lesions on memory for previously encountered objects. For a number of tasks, hippocampal lesions produce temporally graded retrograde amnesia, such that memory acquired recently is impaired and memory acquired more remotely is spared (for review, see Squire et al. 2004; Frankland and Bontempi 2005). In the case of the single study of retrograde memory that has involved the NOR task, recognition memory was impaired when a 5-wk interval intervened between training and hippocampal surgery (Gaskin et al. 2003). It remains possible that memory might be spared if a longer delay was imposed between training and surgery.The aim of the present study was to assess both the anterograde and retrograde effects of hippocampal lesions on recognition memory using the NOR task. To thoroughly assess the effects of hippocampal lesions we used (1) large groups of animals, (2) multiple tests of NOR memory, (3) a scoring method that allowed object preference to be determined on a second-by-second basis during the recognition tests, and (4) a novel training protocol that permitted the evaluation of recognition memory even after a retention interval as long as 10 wk. 相似文献
226.
227.
McGuigan N 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(2):150-160
This study used a diffusion chain paradigm to explore the cultural transmission of causally irrelevant tool actions in chains of adult participants. Each chain witnessed an "expert" adult retrieve a reward from inside a puzzle box using a combination of causally relevant actions and causally irrelevant actions. Which of the actions were causally relevant was evident in two of the chains where a transparent box was used. In the other two chains, the causal effectiveness of the tool was hidden inside an opaque version of the box. Results indicated that fewer of the irrelevant actions performed by the expert model were reproduced in the transparent box chains, than the opaque box chains. However, irrelevant actions, although not in their original form, were evident within each chain suggesting that causally irrelevant tool actions can survive within groups of adults. The current article places these results, alongside those from earlier overimitation studies, within a framework of cultural evolution. The proposal here is that the social learning of irrelevant actions is heavily influenced by the interaction between various transmission biases, including frequency-based biases, model-based biases, and content-based biases. It is further proposed that the transmission bias witnessed may differ according to the interplay between characteristics of the model, characteristics of the observer, and the contents of the task. 相似文献
228.
Denise Quinlan Nicola Swain Dianne A. Vella-Brodrick 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(6):1145-1163
For this review strengths intervention studies were located using online searches and collegial networks and included if they explicitly sought to teach or use a strengths classification to enhance well-being, and used pre- and post-intervention measures and a comparison group. Eight studies met the criteria and have been summarised by this review. To date, the effect sizes achieved by character strengths interventions have been small to moderate. An understanding of how these interventions work may facilitate development of more effective interventions, while expanding the field of character strengths interventions to include a broader range of activities and approaches may also offer benefits. Research examining individual factors, such as strengths use, psychological need satisfaction, goal-setting and goal-striving provides promising leads to explain how strengths interventions work. However, the effect on intervention efficacy of relational or contextual factors, such as intervention environment or facilitator attitude to strengths, has not yet been explored. Implications for interventions in school settings are considered. 相似文献
229.
Neuropsychological findings suggest material-specific lateralization of the medial temporal lobe's role in long-term memory, with greater left-sided involvement in verbal memory, and greater right-sided involvement in visual memory. Whether material-specific lateralization of long-term memory also extends to the anteromedial thalamus remains uncertain. We report two patients with unilateral right (OG) and left (SM) mediodorsal thalamic pathology plus probable correspondingly lateralized damage of the mammillo-thalamic tract. The lesions were mapped using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging and schematically reconstructed. Mean absolute volume estimates for the mammillary bodies, hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and ventricles are also presented. Estimates of visual and verbal recall and item recognition memory were obtained using the Doors and People, the Rey Complex Figure Test, and the Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scales. Each patient's performance was compared to a group of healthy volunteers matched for demographic characteristics, premorbid IQ, and current levels of functioning. A striking double dissociation was evident in material-specific long-term memory, with OG showing significant impairments in visual memory but not verbal memory, and SM showing the opposite profile of preserved visual memory and significantly impaired verbal memory. These impairments affected both recall and item recognition. The reported double dissociation provides the strongest evidence yet that material-specific lateralization of long-term memory also extends to the anteromedial thalamus. The findings are also discussed in relation to proposals that distinct anatomical regions within the medial temporal lobe, anteromedial thalamus, and associated tracts make qualitatively different contributions to recall and item recognition. 相似文献
230.