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121.
Both the speed and accuracy of responding are important measures of performance. A well-known interpretive difficulty is that
participants may differ in their strategy, trading speed for accuracy, with no change in underlying competence. Another difficulty
arises when participants respond slowly and inaccurately (rather than quickly but inaccurately), e.g., due to a lapse of attention.
We introduce an approach that combines response time and accuracy information and addresses both situations. The modeling
framework assumes two latent competing processes. The first, the error-free process, always produces correct responses. The
second, the guessing process, results in all observed errors and some of the correct responses (but does so via non-specific
processes, e.g., guessing in compliance with instructions to respond on each trial). Inferential summaries of the speed of
the error-free process provide a principled assessment of cognitive performance reducing the influences of both fast and slow
guesses. Likelihood analysis is discussed for the basic model and extensions. The approach is applied to a data set on response
times in a working memory test.
The authors wish to thank Roger Ratcliff, Christopher Chabris, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments, and
Aureliu Lavric for providing the data analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
122.
Gray NS Brown AS MacCulloch MJ Smith J Snowden RJ 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2005,114(2):304-308
Pedophiles are motivated to disguise their thoughts and feelings about their sexual beliefs and attraction toward children. New developments using implicit measures of associations have been successful in accessing socially stigmatic beliefs, even in cases in which the participant is resistant to this disclosure. Using an implicit measure, the authors show that pedophiles have an association between children and sex, whereas nonpedophilic offenders have an association between adults and sex. The task can therefore identify a core cognitive abnormality that may underpin some pedophilic deviant sexual behavior. 相似文献
123.
Gray R Sieffert R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(5):1004-1022
Previous studies on ball catching have had the limitation that the catcher was restricted to lateral hand movements. The authors investigated catching behavior in the more natural situation in which hand movements were unconstrained. Movements of the hand were tracked as participants tried to "catch" an approaching ball simulated with changing size and/or changing disparity. Participants used 1 of 2 distinct interception strategies: (a) a "cutting-off" strategy where time to passage (TTP) information was used to guide movements of the hand in depth such that the ball was caught farther in front of the face when the ball was approaching more slowly and (b) a "waiting" strategy where the hand was moved along a frontoparallel plane that was constant across ball trajectories and speeds. Cue dissociation and selective adaptation manipulations demonstrated that the catcher's estimates of TTP and crossing distance were based on a combination of binocular and monocular information. 相似文献
124.
125.
Attending to the execution of a complex sensorimotor skill: expertise differences, choking, and slumps 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gray R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2004,10(1):42-54
A simulated baseball batting task was used to compare the relative effects of attending to extraneous information (tone frequency) and attending to skill execution (direction of bat movement) on performance and swing kinematics and to evaluate how these effects differ as a function of expertise. The extraneous dual task degraded batting performance in novices but had no significant effect on experts. The skill-focused dual task increased batting errors and movement variability for experts but had no significant effect on novices. For expert batters, accuracy in the skill-focused dual task was inversely related to the current level of performance. Expert batters were significantly more accurate in the skill-focused dual task when placed under pressure. These findings indicate that the attentional focus varies substantially across and within performers with different levels of expertise. 相似文献
126.
127.
New Caledonian crows are reported to have impressive pandanus-tool manufacture abilities. These claims are based on an extensive artefact record. However, inferring behavioural and cognitive abilities without direct observation of tool manufacture is problematic. Here we report (and document on video) direct observations of a crow making and using stepped pandanus tools at Pic Ningua. We observed (1) a bias for making tools on left edges consistent with that previously found at the site, (2) faithful manufacture of a stepped design with high overall congruence in the shapes of tools, (3) the use of convergent rips to first form the tapered end working away from the trunk then the wide end working towards the trunk, (4) appropriate functional use of stepped tools by use of the leaf-edge barbs to hook food from holes, and (5) consistent holding of tools on the left side of its head when using them. Our observations verify most of the claims based on the artefact record, but the crows exact manufacture technique was slightly different to that inferred previously.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 相似文献
128.
Dissemination, the second stage of Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination (ESID) is a critical, if not defining, element of this social change model. This paper attempts to assess the extent to which community psychology has adopted and implemented ESID's dissemination focus in its training and publications. We identify four levels of commitment to dissemination: dissemination advocate, dissemination activist, dissemination researcher, and experimental dissemination researcher. Content analyses of textbooks, journal publications, and conference papers and a brief survey of doctoral training in the field were conducted. Findings suggest that the dissemination aspects of ESID have been modestly and partially implemented within the field. That is, although there is some evidence of a commitment to dissemination practice (advocate, activist), there is much less evidence of a commitment to dissemination research. The implications of these findings for the effectiveness of the ESID model and for training and practice in community psychology are discussed. 相似文献
129.
Emshoff J Blakely C Gray D Jakes S Brounstein P Coulter J Gardner S 《American journal of community psychology》2003,32(3-4):345-357
The D (dissemination) phase of the ESID model has been often overlooked in our efforts to create innovative and widespread social change. The process of replicating successful social innovations is both a prerequisite for dissemination (in order to assess the consistency of effects) and an obvious outcome of a successful dissemination effort. Fidelity, the extent to which a replicated program is implemented in a manner consistent with the original program model, is an important dimension of replication. This study was designed to provide empirical data related to three questions. Can complex social programs be implemented with fidelity? How much fidelity is appropriate or desired? What are the organizational dynamics of adoption with fidelity? Data were collected from grantees of a national replication initiative funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Data suggest that high fidelity can be achieved, at least in the context in which programs are mandated to do so as part of the funding agreement and are given technical assistance in achieving fidelity. Secondly, programs perceived high fidelity as having positive effects on the program and its participants, a finding consistent with a limited assessment of the relationship of program outcomes and fidelity. Finally, much was learned about the human and organizational dynamics of replicating with fidelity. Implications for policy and direction regarding replication are discussed. 相似文献
130.
The authors investigated the effects of cutting specific graphic scenes of film violence on self-reports of arousal, enjoyability, and perceptions of violence among a sample of U.S. students. In 3 studies, they varied film exposure from 1 1/2 min in the 1st study to a complete motion picture (American vs. British version of same film) in the 3rd. In all 3 studies, the participants rated the cut versions as less violent than the uncut versions. The participants distinguished quite subtle differences in levels of violence, even when the cuts were minor and contextualized within an entire movie. Cutting the movie significantly increased its enjoyability for the women; for the men, there was no significant difference. Cutting violent films made no difference in arousal for the men but substantially lowered self-report levels of arousal for the women. 相似文献