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101.
Warren-Boulton FR Silberberg A Gray M Ollom R 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1985,43(2):265-277
De Villiers and Herrnstein (1976) have shown that the equation for simple action, derived from the matching law, predicts change in behavioral output for some 40 experiments in which the value of a single source of reinforcement has been varied. Using only the positive-reinforcement studies they cite that used five or more different reinforcement values, we found the high percentage of variance they report accommodated by this equation (94%) is predicated on instances of averaging rates of behavioral output before making a least-squares fit of the equation. In our reanalysis, which minimizes rate averaging, only 78% of the data variance is accommodated. This diminished data-variance accommodation can be improved by adding parameters that permit the equation's scaling constant to change as a function of reinforcement. Although these parameters permit acceptable levels of accommodation of data variance, they correspond to no obvious psychological processes. These findings support the view that the equation for simple action is an inadequate model for behavioral output. 相似文献
102.
Calonie M. K. Gray Rona Carter Wendy K. Silverman 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(2):205-213
This cross-sectional study examined the relations among children’s ethnic pride, perceived parenting behavior (i.e., parental
control, parental acceptance), anxiety sensitivity, and child anxiety symptoms (i.e., physical symptoms, social anxiety symptoms,
separation anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms) in 266 African American school children (M = 9.98 years old; 55% girls). Structural equation modeling results indicated that high ethnic pride was associated with high
parental acceptance. High perceived parental acceptance, in turn, was related to children reporting low levels of social anxiety
symptoms and high levels of harm avoidance. In addition, high parental control was related to high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety
sensitivity partially mediated the relation between parental control and separation anxiety symptoms, such that parental control
was both directly and indirectly related to separation anxiety symptoms. Parental control was indirectly related to physical
symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and harm avoidance symptoms through its direct link to anxiety sensitivity. The study’s
results increment knowledge about factors influencing specific dimensions of anxiety in African American children. 相似文献
103.
Jones CL Gray MA Minati L Simner J Critchley HD Ward J 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2011,5(2):243-254
Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia is a rare phenomenon in which the individual experiences flavour sensations when they read, hear, or imagine words. In this study, we provide insight into the neural basis of this form of synaesthesia using functional neuroimaging. Words known to evoke pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant synaesthetic tastes and synaesthetically tasteless words were presented to two lexical-gustatory synaesthetes, during fMRI scanning. Ten non-synaesthetic participants were also scanned on the same list of words. The synaesthetic brain displayed a different pattern of activity to words when compared to the non-synaesthetes, with insula activation related to viewing words that elicited tastes that have an associated emotional valence (i.e., pleasant or unpleasant tastes). The subjective intensity of the synaesthesia was correlated with activity in the medial parietal lobes (precuneus/retrosplenial cortex), which are implicated in polymodal imagery and self-directed thought. This region has also previously been activated in studies of lexical-colour synaesthesia, suggesting its role may not be limited to the type of synaesthesia explored here. 相似文献
104.
This study presents a data set for a reference group on the Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Test Battery for Young Children. The data set is based on a sample of 224 children, ages 5 to 8 years, referred to a special services cooperative for academic or behavioral concerns during the years 1980 through 1993. Data are presented in terms of sample size, means, standard deviations, diagnostic classifications, and population characteristics. Previously published data sets are reviewed in comparison to this newly acquired data set. Potential advantages of this data set include the larger sample, contemporary data collection, and a sample drawn from a United States school-referred population. 相似文献
105.
Gray DE 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2006,6(3):59-62; discussion W51-3
106.
Playboy's portrayal of the male ideal of feminine beauty, in terms of overall body size, percent normative weight, and waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs), was analyzed for the years 1979–1999. Trends were examined through body measurements obtained from Playboy centerfolds. Results reveal a continuation of the low body mass index (BMI) found in the Playmates by earlier studies; however, for the 21 years examined, the trend towards increasing thinness seems to have stabilized and may have begun to actually reverse. There was also an increase in the centerfolds’ WHRs over the 21-year time period. Overall, the results support the continued valuing in American society of a thin ideal for women; while the images of beauty have become somewhat heavier over the 21-year period reviewed, the Playmates remain markedly below weights normative for their age group. 相似文献
107.
108.
Both the speed and accuracy of responding are important measures of performance. A well-known interpretive difficulty is that
participants may differ in their strategy, trading speed for accuracy, with no change in underlying competence. Another difficulty
arises when participants respond slowly and inaccurately (rather than quickly but inaccurately), e.g., due to a lapse of attention.
We introduce an approach that combines response time and accuracy information and addresses both situations. The modeling
framework assumes two latent competing processes. The first, the error-free process, always produces correct responses. The
second, the guessing process, results in all observed errors and some of the correct responses (but does so via non-specific
processes, e.g., guessing in compliance with instructions to respond on each trial). Inferential summaries of the speed of
the error-free process provide a principled assessment of cognitive performance reducing the influences of both fast and slow
guesses. Likelihood analysis is discussed for the basic model and extensions. The approach is applied to a data set on response
times in a working memory test.
The authors wish to thank Roger Ratcliff, Christopher Chabris, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments, and
Aureliu Lavric for providing the data analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
109.
Gray NS Brown AS MacCulloch MJ Smith J Snowden RJ 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2005,114(2):304-308
Pedophiles are motivated to disguise their thoughts and feelings about their sexual beliefs and attraction toward children. New developments using implicit measures of associations have been successful in accessing socially stigmatic beliefs, even in cases in which the participant is resistant to this disclosure. Using an implicit measure, the authors show that pedophiles have an association between children and sex, whereas nonpedophilic offenders have an association between adults and sex. The task can therefore identify a core cognitive abnormality that may underpin some pedophilic deviant sexual behavior. 相似文献
110.
Gray R Sieffert R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(5):1004-1022
Previous studies on ball catching have had the limitation that the catcher was restricted to lateral hand movements. The authors investigated catching behavior in the more natural situation in which hand movements were unconstrained. Movements of the hand were tracked as participants tried to "catch" an approaching ball simulated with changing size and/or changing disparity. Participants used 1 of 2 distinct interception strategies: (a) a "cutting-off" strategy where time to passage (TTP) information was used to guide movements of the hand in depth such that the ball was caught farther in front of the face when the ball was approaching more slowly and (b) a "waiting" strategy where the hand was moved along a frontoparallel plane that was constant across ball trajectories and speeds. Cue dissociation and selective adaptation manipulations demonstrated that the catcher's estimates of TTP and crossing distance were based on a combination of binocular and monocular information. 相似文献