Explanations of Blacks’ Criminality in America: 1630s-1950s

ABSTRACT

Criminological research about blacks’ criminality proliferated during the 1960s. Since then, a great body of knowledge about them has been produced that has attributed their criminality to various causes. However, prior to that date, such knowledge was scarce. What were the explanations of blacks’ criminality before that (roughly between 1630s-1950s)? I argue that during this period five successive explanations of their criminality emerged: popular, religious, speculative, pseudoscientific, and scientific. This mainly had to do with the gradual transformation of America from an agricultural-rural-communal-religious society to an industrial-urban-individualistic-scientific one.     

Islamic Considerations on the Application of Patient’s Autonomy in End-of-Life Decision

Journal of Religion and Health - In end-of-life situation, the need for patient’s preference comes into the picture with the intention of guiding physicians in the direction of patient care....