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51.
In this study, we conducted a lexical decision test using masked priming paradigm to examine the morphological and orthographic priming effects in word recognition. Morphologically related word pairs can be derivational, sharing the same root or not (pseudo derivational). However, the orthographically related pairs share the same letters in different positions. Two groups of native Arabic-speaking children (N?=?57) from grade 4 and 5 participated in this study: typical readers (n?=?39) and dyslexic readers (n?=?18). To examine whether a potential morphological priming effect is driven by semantic or orthographic properties of shared morphemes, we compared prime-target pairs with derivation morphology and pseudo-derivation word related pairs. Between groups comparisons showed that a priming effect occurred only in typical readers. Comparisons between conditions revealed that a priming effect only occurred for accuracy in derivational morphology. No priming effect occurred in reaction times (RTs) between groups or conditions. These results provide evidence for root-based word recognition in Arabic children and give support to semantically rather than orthographically driven lexical access. 相似文献
52.
Airhihenbuwa C Okoror T Shefer T Brown D Iwelunmor J Smith E Adam M Simbayi L Zungu N Dlakulu R Shisana O 《The Journal of black psychology》2009,35(4):407-432
HIV- and AIDS-related stigma has been reported to be a major factor contributing to the spread of HIV. In this study, the authors explore the meaning of stigma and its impact on HIV and AIDS in South African families and health care centers. They conducted focus group and key informant interviews among African and Colored populations in Khayelitsha, Gugulethu, and Mitchell's Plain in the Western Cape province. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and coded using NVivo. Using the PEN-3 cultural model, the authors analyzed results showing that participants' shared experiences ranged from positive/nonstigmatizing, to existential/unique to the contexts, to negative/stigmatizing. Families and health care centers were found to have both positive nonstigmatizing values and negative stigmatizing characteristics in addressing HIV/AIDS-related stigma. The authors conclude that a culture-centered analysis, relative to identity, is central to understanding the nature and contexts of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. 相似文献
53.
The purpose of this investigation was to study body size preferences and to examine the influence of sociocultural factors on obesity among 249 Moroccan Sahraoui women. Participants rated their ideal body size and the size they thought to be “healthy,” using a figural scale consisting of nine images ranging from thin to obese. They also noted which particular sociocultural influences affected their body size ratings. The results indicated that women's rating of ideal body size (4.88) was significantly larger than their rating of healthy body size (4.33). The desire to lose weight was very low even among the majority of obese women, and educational level did not affect desire to lose weight. Women not satisfied with their body size were more likely to report trying to gain weight rather than to lose it. The major factors reported to influence body size ideal were mothers, men, and traditional clothing. It is an enormous challenge for the health institutions of Morocco to prevent obesity and its complications. Prevention programs should include teenagers and key family members. 相似文献
54.
Mohamed Doraï 《International journal of psychology》1993,28(1):3-18
L'objectif de ce travail était d'appliquer le paradigme expérimental du croisement des catégories à l'étude des relations entre des sujets de nationalités différentes. Dans cette perspective, une expérience a été menée avec 28 sujets américains et 28 français. Comme attendu, en situation de catégorisation simple chaque groupe de sujets Américains ou Français a évalué positivement son groupe et dévalorisé l'autre. Ces effets ont été annulés en situation de catégorisation croisée. Cependant, cette annulation ne persiste pas lors d'un post-test réalisé trois semaines plus tard. Une discussion de ces effets a été établie. 相似文献
55.
FaizaMohamedOsman 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2004,25(3):64-64
调查目的:调查文化、社会性别问题对不同社会经济地位的人们的知情同意的现实性和可行性的影响. 相似文献
56.
Mohamed?Y?RadyEmail author Joseph?L?Verheijde 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2014,9(1):16
The Royal College of Physicians of London published the 2013 national clinical guidelines on prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) in vegetative and minimally conscious states. The guidelines acknowledge the rapidly advancing neuroscientific research and evolving therapeutic modalities in PDOC. However, the guidelines state that end-of-life decisions should be made for patients who do not improve with neurorehabilitation within a finite period, and they recommend withdrawal of clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH). This withdrawal is deemed necessary because patients in PDOC can survive for years with continuation of CANH, even when a ceiling on medical care has been imposed, i.e., withholding new treatment such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation for acute life-threatening illness. The end-of-life care pathway is centered on a staged escalation of medications, including sedatives, opioids, barbiturates, and general anesthesia, concurrent with withdrawal of CANH. Agitation and distress may last from several days to weeks because of the slow dying process from starvation and dehydration. The potential problems of this end-of-life care pathway are similar to those of the Liverpool Care Pathway. After an independent review in 2013, the Department of Health discontinued the Liverpool Care pathway in England. The guidelines assert that clinicians, supported by court decisions, have become the final authority in nonconsensual withdrawal of CANH on the basis of “best interests” rationale. We posit that these guidelines lack high-quality evidence supporting: 1) treatment futility of CANH, 2) reliability of distress assessment from starvation and dehydration, 3) efficacy of pharmacologic control of this distress, and 4) proximate causation of death. Finally, we express concerns about the utilitarian-based assessment of what constitutes a person’s best interests. We are disturbed by the level and the role of medical authoritarianism institutionalized by these national guidelines when deciding on the worthiness of life in PDOC. We conclude that these guidelines are not only harmful to patients and families, but they represent the means of nonconsensual euthanasia. The latter would constitute a gross violation of the public’s trust in the integrity of the medical profession. 相似文献
57.
Using a MIMIC model with structural equations and two synthetic health scores, this study attempts to explore the impact of the measurement of health status on socioeconomic inequalities in health. The results showed satisfactory internal consistency for both summary measures that are the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS). A Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary calculated from the Short Form health survey (SF-12) items showed the same magnitude of health state and degree of change overtime; Cronbach’s α for PCS-12 and MCS-12 was .93 and .86, respectively. Known subgroups comparison showed that the SF-12 discriminated well between men and women and those who differed in age and educational status. In addition, results suggest the existence of reporting heterogeneity biases for a given latent health state, women and old people are more likely to report physical activity limitations; Mental health problems are over-reported by women and divorced people and under-reported by the oldest people; Clerks, farmers and retired as well as employees and homemakers in the top of the social hierarchy more often report physical activity limitations. Finally, highly educated and socially advantaged people more often report social activities limitations due to the problems of physical and mental health. 相似文献
58.
David B. Kaber Jennifer M. Riley Mica R. Endsley Mohamed Sheik-Nainar Tao Zhang Donald R. Lampton 《Military psychology》2013,25(4):330-344
We evaluated the efficacy of a computer-based situation awareness (SA) measurement system for training dismounted infantry SA in an urban terrain virtual reality (VR) simulation. Based on past research, we hypothesized that the SA measures would be sensitive to individual (squad leader) differences, and that the frequency of specific probes would reveal differences in critical SA requirements among scenarios. Three infantry squads performed multiple trials across two different scenarios. A confederate platoon leader posed probes to squad leaders during trials and experts made ratings afterward. Results revealed squad leaders had similar responses to probes, despite differences in combat experience. Analysis of probe frequency revealed different high priority SA elements and decisions for each scenario. The SA behavior and communication ratings revealed differences among squads, which trended with experience. Measures of SA were also consistent across the test scenario as a result of similar mission types and task difficulties. We discuss the implication of our findings for future research and theory within this area. 相似文献
59.
Psychoendocrine and physical performance responses in male Tunisian rugby players during an international competitive season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim was to investigate a follow-up study based on hormonal, physical, and psychological parameters among rugby players who trained during a whole season interspersed with competitions on an international level. Fitness or reciprocally tiredness as well as competitive anxiety were evaluated, respectively, using the French Society for Sports Medicine (SFMS) and the sport competition anxiety test (SCAT) questionnaires. In this study, SFMS and SCAT scores increased respectively over the competitive season. The SFMS score revealed a state of relative tiredness at the end of the season, highlighted by a slight decrement in physical performances. The SCAT score changes are related to the competition context and therefore increased accordingly to the importance of the competition stake. We analyzed the corticotrope and the gonadotrope axis before (T(1)), and at the end of the national and international rugby season (T(2)). Training did not affect the resting salivary cortisol (Csal) levels, but induced a decrease in resting testosterone (Tsal) values, resulting in a dropped T/C ratio. Competition, in both periods (T(1)-T(2)), provoked a significant increase in Csal levels, but the Tsal responses depended on the match stake. Their concentrations increased when the competition generated an important stress and decreased when the psychological conditions remained relatively stable. SFMS is preferentially correlated with resting Csal levels and T/C values measured at 08:00 hr but not with Tsal. SCAT is highly correlated with competitive Csal and Tsal concentrations measured before and after the matches. 相似文献
60.
Aaron G Rizzieri Joseph L Verheijde Mohamed Y Rady Joan L McGregor 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2008,3(1):20
The left ventricular assist device was originally designed to be surgically implanted as a bridge to transplantation for patients
with chronic end-stage heart failure. On the basis of the REMATCH trial, the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Centers
for Medicare & Medicaid Services approved permanent implantation of the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy
in Medicare beneficiaries who are not candidates for heart transplantation. The use of the left ventricular assist device
as a destination therapy raises certain ethical challenges. Left ventricular assist devices can prolong the survival of average
recipients compared with optimal medical management of chronic end-stage heart failure. However, the overall quality of life
can be adversely affected in some recipients because of serious infections, neurologic complications, and device malfunction.
Left ventricular assist devices alter end-of-life trajectories. The caregivers of recipients may experience significant burden
(e.g., poor physical health, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) from destination therapy with left ventricular
assist devices. There are also social and financial ramifications for recipients and their families. We advocate early utilization
of a palliative care approach and outline prerequisite conditions so that consenting for the use of a left ventricular assist
device as a destination therapy is a well informed process. These conditions include: (1) direct participation of a multidisciplinary
care team, including palliative care specialists, (2) a concise plan of care for anticipated device-related complications,
(3) careful surveillance and counseling for caregiver burden, (4) advance-care planning for anticipated end-of-life trajectories
and timing of device deactivation, and (5) a plan to address the long-term financial burden on patients, families, and caregivers. 相似文献