说明文阅读中的视角效应

说明文的阅读视角不仅影响阅读中信息的获得,而且会影响实时阅读加工过程。目前对视角效应最新的眼动研究,围绕阅读中编码相关信息到工作记忆中是否需要额外的时间这一争论,揭示了过去知识和工作记忆容量对阅读视角效应的影响,对视角效应产生的内在机制也有了更深层的认识。     

维度的结合与分离对归类不确定性预测的影响

探讨在归类不确定的情境下目标与预测特征两个维度的结合或分离对被试特征预测的影响。共包括 3个实验 :实验 1在Murphy和Ross的研究的基础上进一步提高非靶类型中目标及预测特征的基本概率 ,考察被试的特征预测是否会受非靶类型信息的影响。实验 2探讨非靶类型的目标与预测特征结合与否是否会影响被试预测特征时对非靶类型信息的使用。实验 3探讨提高靶类型中目标与预测特征结合的比例是否影响被试对特征的预测。结果表明 :当非靶类型中目标与关键特征处于分离的状态时 ,被试在进行特征预测时没有利用非靶类型的信息 ,符合单类说的假设 ;而当非靶类型中目标与关键特征结合时 ,被试在进行特征预测时则会利用非靶类型的信息 ,符合Bayesian规则 ;靶类型中的目标与关键特征结合的比例提高 ,被试对特征预测的概率也随之提高。据此 ,本研究将目标与预测特征结合比例这个变量加入Bayesian规则的计算公式 ,对该预测模型进行了修正     

规则策略和样例策略在归类过程中的运

探讨人们在归类过程中对规则策略和样例策略的运用。包括3个实验,被试为华南师范大学110名本科生。用计算机呈现类别学习材料,被试学习后立即进行归类迁移测试,考察被试的归类策略倾向。实验1提高了Erickson和Kruchke研究中例外类别规则的清晰性,考察当学习材料中潜在规则易于掌握时,被试是否会倾向于运用规则策略进行归类;实验2探讨当学习材料中的潜在规则较难掌握时,被试是否会倾向于运用样例策略进行归类;实验3探讨人们在运用规则进行归类时对不同规则选用的特点。结果表明：当学习情境中潜在规则易于掌握时,被试倾向于运用规则策略进行归类;当潜在规则难以掌握时,被试则倾向于运用样例策略进行归类;当同时可以运用不同规则时,被试会选用更概括、更有普遍性的规则而弃用较具体、适用范围较限定的规则。据此,研究初步认为,人们在归类中首选的是规则策略,只有当学习情境中潜在规则难以掌握时,才转而采用样例策略;当有多种规则可以选择时,则倾向于选择更概括、更有普遍意义的规则     

Chinese Internet addiction inventory: developing a measure of problematic Internet use for Chinese college students.

The current study developed a psychometrically sound multidimensional measure of Internet addiction: the Chinese Internet Addiction Inventory (CIAI). Data were collected from 1,029 Chinese undergraduate students from 14 universities and colleges. The initial sample was split randomly into two samples (N1=516; N2=513). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted on the two samples respectively. Findings from the EFA suggest that this measure assesses three dimensions of Internet addiction: conflicts, mood modification, and dependence. Items in each dimension showed high internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability. Findings from the CFA further confirmed the three-factor measurement structure of CIAI. Test of criterion-related validity also showed good abilities for all three CIAI subscales to discriminate between an Internet addictive group and non-Internet addictive group. The theoretical and clinical implications of CIAI and its limitations are discussed.     

Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees' psychological well-being

The author used role theory, continuity theory, and the life course perspective to form hypotheses regarding the different retirement transition and adjustment patterns and how different individual and contextual variables related to those patterns. The longitudinal data of 2 samples (n(1) = 994; n(2) = 1,066) from the Health and Retirement Survey were used. Three latent growth curve patterns of retirees' psychological well-being were identified as coexisting in the retiree samples through growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis. On the basis of the latent class membership derived from GMM, retiree subgroups directly linked to different growth curve patterns were profiled with individual (e.g., bridge job status) and contextual variables (e.g., spouse working status). By recognizing the existence of multiple retiree subgroups corresponding to different psychological well-being change patterns, this study suggests that retirees do not follow a uniform adjustment pattern during the retirement process, which reconciles inconsistent previous findings. A resource perspective is further introduced to provide a more integrated theory for the current findings. The practical implications of this study are also discussed at both individual level and policy level.     

Blue or red? The effects of colour on the emotions of Chinese people

Two experiments were performed to examine the effects of red and blue on the emotional pleasure of Chinese people. Experiment 1 explored the effects of the ‘physical’ colours red and blue on emotion, and the results showed that red induced positive and negative emotion, while blue only induced positive emotion. Experiment 2 further explored the effects of the ‘verbal’ colours red and blue on emotion, and the results showed that red induced only positive emotion, while blue induced neither positive nor negative emotion. The findings indicate that the influence of colour on emotion is rooted in both natural and social associations. For Chinese, the associations between blue and positive emotion, and red and negative emotion, were natural associations; however, the associations between red and positive emotion were social associations. Moreover, physical colour and verbal colour stimuli induced emotions by activating different mechanisms: physical colour induced emotions via both natural and social associations, whereas verbal colour induced emotions via social associations.     

基于原型特征因果关系的归纳推理研究

两个实验探讨新特征与类别原型特征之间存在因果关系时,因果关系对归纳推理的影响.实验1探讨不同典型性条件下,新特征与原型特征间的因果关系对归纳推理的影响.实验2探讨不同多样性条件下,新特征与原型特征间的因果关系对归纳推理的影响.研究结果表明,当新特征与原型特征之间存在因果关系时,因果关系会影响归纳推理的力度,但样例典型性和多样性仍是影响人们归纳推理的重要因素.     

谢林是一个浪漫主义者吗?

浪漫主义是18世纪末兴起于德国并在19世纪席卷整个欧洲的一场思想运动。传统上经常不加批判地把哲学家谢林看作是这场思想运动的主要代表之一。本文分析了德国浪漫派的主要代表(F.施菜格尔、诺瓦利斯、施莱尔马赫)的哲学思想和宗教思想的根本特征(所谓的"糟糕的无限"),以及这些思想与谢林哲学的分歧乃至严重对立,以此表明,谢林不是一个浪漫主义者。     

认知控制子成分与客观风险对信任行为的影响

研究通过三个实验,在控制客观风险高低的同时,分别对刺激—反应一致性、任务转换和工作记忆负载进行操纵。结果发现,抑制控制在反应时上表现出差异,刺激—反应一致条件下被试做出信任的反应时更快;认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新在信任率上表现出差异,不转换条件和低工作记忆负载条件下被试的信任率更高。结果表明,抑制控制主要影响反应组织过程,认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新则会影响个体的信任决策过程。此外,客观风险对信任行为的影响表现出跨情境一致性,低风险条件下信任率更高。