文本阅读中协调性整合的条件

采用移动窗口阅读技术深入探讨文本阅读中协调性整合发生的条件。被试为华南师范大学一年级本科生。实验自变量是主人公特征与其目标句行为的关系,在实验一中有三个水平,一致、协调一致和恢复一致;在实验二中有两个水平,协调一致和恢复一致。实验一采用ANOVA对三种条件下目标句的阅读时间进行统计分析,结果表明,当前信息必须与先前的协调性信息有局部的不一致或不吻合是引发协调性整合的充分必要条件;实验二采用t检验分别对出现于不同位置的两个目标句的阅读时间进行统计分析,结果表明,协调性整合的结 果不仅维持了文本的连贯,而且将相关的信息建构成整体的信息块,文本阅读过程是一个包含流畅性阅读和以协调性整合为重要形式之一的整合性阅读的双加工过程。     

Psychological perspectives on the changing nature of retirement

The concept and the process of retirement are rapidly evolving. As a result, psychologists are in a unique position to understand and explain the dynamics behind the changing face of retirement. We begin this article with a brief overview of the history of retirement and then note the various definitions used when studying retirement. We then propose that taking a temporal view of studying retirement would be most advantageous for psychologists. Psychological conceptualizations of retirement are then discussed, and we link these conceptualizations to studying the changing nature of retirement. Finally, we conclude with some suggestions for future research in the area of retirement that would be particularly relevant for psychologists to consider.     

Commuting stress process and self‐regulation at work: Moderating roles of daily task significance,family interference with work,and commuting means efficacy

Based on self‐regulation theories of stress processes, this study proposed a model to examine the within‐person mediation relationship between morning commuting stressors and self‐regulation at work via morning commuting strain. In addition, the study examined the moderating roles of daily task significance, daily family interference with work, and commuting means efficacy in this mediation model. Results from 45 bus commuters’ daily diary data over a period of 15 workdays indicated that the amount of morning commuting stressors experienced by the bus commuters was positively related to their morning commuting strain, which, in turn, had a negative impact on self‐regulation at work. At the within‐person level, daily task significance buffered the negative indirect relationship between morning commuting stressors and self‐regulation at work via morning commuting strain, whereas daily family interference with work in the morning exacerbated this negative indirect relationship. Further, at the between‐person level, commuting means efficacy buffered this negative indirect relationship such that the negative indirect effect was weaker for workers with higher (vs. lower) commuting means efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

A Daily Process Approach to Depict Satisfaction with Life during the Menopausal Transition: Physical (In)activity,Symptoms, and Neuroticism

The main objectives of the present study were (1) to examine the between- and within-person association of physical (in)activity and satisfaction with life (SWL), and (2) to identify relevant top-down and bottom-up influences associated with daily well-being in menopausal women using a daily process approach. As part of a 21-day diary study, community-dwelling middle-aged women (N = 103; age range 40–60 years) wore an accelerometer for the objective assessment of physical activity and completed daily Internet surveys at the end of their day. Multilevel analyses indicated the between-person effects of physical activity on SWL were negligent but that on days when a woman was more physically active than her usual, she reported greater SWL (B = 12.01, p < .05). Sedentary behavior did not demonstrate a between- or within-person association with SWL. Women also experienced reduced SWL on days when greater symptom burden was reported (B = ?2.47, p < .05). Neuroticism also emerged as a top-down personality trait with a negative relation to SWL (B = ?1.47, p < .05). Higher levels of neuroticism predicted reduced daily life satisfaction particularly on days characterized by heightened symptom burden (B = ?0.26, p < .05). In this sample of midlife women, daily physical activity had a positive influence on SWL, whereas daily symptom burden and the personality trait of neuroticism had detrimental consequences on a woman’s daily well-being.     

物体隐含的形状信息对图片再认的影响

采用移动窗口技术探讨阅读中信息在头脑中的表征方式和激活策略。实验材料分为句子和图片。按句子隐含形状与再认图片的匹配关系分为匹配与不匹配版本。实验1在中文条件下验证知觉符号理论;实验2进一步探讨知觉符号的激活策略。采用相关样本t检验对图片的反应时进行分析,结果发现实验1中匹配再认时显著短于不匹配再认时;实验2中匹配与不匹配再认时无显著差异。从而支持知觉符号理论并进一步说明知觉符号的激活是策略性加工过程。     

熟练中-英双语者跨语言长时重复启动效应

采用跨语言长时重复启动范式探讨熟练中-英双语者的记忆表征模型。实验结果表明,在词义决定任务条件下,发现了跨语言重复启动效应（实验一）;在词汇决定任务条件下,没有发现跨语言重复启动效应（实验二）;在学习阶段完成概念任务、测验阶段完成词汇任务的条件下,没有发现跨语言重复启动效应（实验三）。总的实验结果表明,熟练中-英双语者可以不需经由汉语对等词而从英语单词直接获得概念表征,这一结果支持了概念调节模型的观点。     

自我监控性作为性别助长效应的干涉变量

采用双手调节器操作任务进一步验证“性别助长”假设。20个自我监控者与20个我行我素者(男女各半)分别按抵消顺序接受两种实验处理：男性观众和女性观众。结果表明,异性观众可以助长男性被试的操作速度,而削弱女性被试的操作速度;对于作业效绩也存在着同样的交互作用;自我监控性是性别助长效应的一个重要干涉变量,男自我监控者表现出明显的异性助长,女自我监控者表现出明显的异性抑制,而我行我素者没有表现出明显的观众效应。由于自我监控性对相应的异性效应有一种放大作用,可知性别助长效应的基础是以印象管理动机为主。     

样例在理解时间相关事件中的作用

该文的两个实验探讨了人们理解自己和熟悉的人物日常惯例事件的方式。实验1在中文条件下验证了Coleombe等（2002）的研究,即人们不利用已经形成的原型去理解和袁征自己或熟悉人物的日常惯例事件;实验2证明了出现这一结果是因为人们在理解这些事件时利用了过去生活中与当前描述相同的具体样例。实验2还发现,即使不存在上述样例,被试仍然没有启用相关的原型。     

知识资本、人力资本与伦理价值的资本化问题初探

知识资本是知识经济的灵魂,在知识资本化的条件下,伦理价值也会随着知识的功能扩张而扩张,伦理“知识”也会物化为资本。人力资本理论的诞生为伦理价值的资本化提供了条件和途径,使伦理价值资本化成为现实。伦理资本除了具有人力资本的一般特征外,还有自己的特殊性。     

音乐与个体发展

人类对音乐的感知体验起始于生命早期。近年来认知神经科学领域的研究表明, 音乐对个体发展具有深远的影响。在大脑发育的过程中, 音乐经验主要调节大脑加工信息的方式, 同时会影响语言、空间、以及运动能力的发展。本文回顾了近年来研究者们在音乐认知领域的新发现, 重点关注于音乐对脑发育的影响。