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241.
Predictors of Teens' Attitudes Toward Condoms: Gender Differences in the Effects of Norms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yuko Mizuno Brenda Seals May Kennedy Jaana Myllyluoma 《Journal of applied social psychology》2000,30(7):1381-1395
Using data collected from a telephone survey of adolescents aged 15 to 19, we studied predictors of condom attitudes. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 348 sexually active teens. Multiple regression revealed that holding other variables constant being females, African American, perceiving that more of their friends were using condoms (i. e., perceived normative behavior). and stronger perceived normative pressure were significantly associated with favorable condom attitudes. Furthermore, significant interaction effects pointed to gender differences in the association between two types of norms and attitudes toward condoms. Perceived normative behavior had a greater effect on the attitudes of female adolescents. Perceived normative pressure had a greater effect on the attitudes of male adolescents. 相似文献
242.
Sue Fletcher‐Watson Susan R. Leekam Brenda Connolly Jess M. Collis John M. Findlay Helen McConachie Jacqui Rodgers 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2012,30(3):446-458
Change blindness refers to the difficulty most people find in detecting a difference between two pictures when these are presented successively, with a brief interruption between. Attention at the site of the change is required for detection. A number of studies have investigated change blindness in adults and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Some have produced evidence that people with ASD find changes to social stimuli harder to detect and changes to non‐social stimuli easier to detect, relative to comparison participants. However, other studies have produced entirely contradictory findings. There is a need for consistency in methodology to aid understanding of change blindness and attentional processes in ASD. Here, we replicate a change blindness study previously carried out with typically developing (TD) children and adults and with adults with ASD. Results reveal attenuated change blindness for non‐social stimuli in children with ASD relative to TD norms. Our results are interpreted, alongside others' findings, as potentially indicative of a complex relationship between different influences on attention over time. 相似文献
243.
244.
Katherine Regan Sterba Robert F DeVellis Megan A Lewis Brenda M DeVellis Joanne M Jordan Donald H Baucom 《Health psychology》2008,27(2):221-229
OBJECTIVE: To characterize similarities and differences in illness perceptions between women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their husbands, and examine whether illness perception congruence predicted wives' subsequent psychological adjustment. DESIGN: Women with RA and their husbands (N=190 couples) recruited from community and clinical settings completed mailed surveys at baseline and 4-month follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data for this investigation included illness perceptions in partners and illness severity, marital variables, and psychological adjustment in wives. RESULTS: In general, wives and husbands had similar views of RA. Couple congruence concerning women's personal control over RA and its cyclic nature predicted better psychological adjustment in women 4 months later. Post hoc tests showed better psychological adjustment in wives from couples with similar optimistic beliefs about personal control, illness coherence, and RA consequences, when compared to those in couples with similar pessimistic beliefs. Furthermore, when partners disagreed about RA's consequences, wives fared better when husbands overestimated rather than underestimated their beliefs. In contrast, couple congruence about the emotions and timeline of RA was unrelated to adjustment. CONCLUSION: It may be important for husbands to understand wives' views on their control over RA and its cyclic nature. Furthermore, wives may benefit when they share optimistic views with their husbands about RA, and when their husbands avoid underestimating RA's consequences. Developing interventions to enhance partners' illness understanding may be beneficial. 相似文献
245.
The primary purpose of the present research was to determine whether negative reactions to infant distress in neurotic adults
are mediated by representations of same sex parental rejection. Participants were 308 adult males and females who completed
questionnaires assessing their personality and their representations of their parents’ care-giving from childhood. Participants
also reported their own empathic reactions toward emotionally distressed and non-distressed infants. The present findings
revealed that neuroticism significantly predicted a greater recall of parental rejection which, in turn, predicted decreased
empathy ratings for distressed infants. In addition, recollections of father rejection mediated the relation between neuroticism
and empathy in men, while recollections of maternal rejection mediated the relation between these variables in women. 相似文献
246.
Townsend SS Major B Sawyer PJ Mendes WB 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2010,99(6):933-947
The present research used validated cardiovascular measures to examine threat reactions among members of stigmatized groups when interacting with members of nonstigmatized groups who were, or were not, prejudiced against their group. The authors hypothesized that people's beliefs about the fairness of the status system would moderate their experience of threat during intergroup interactions. The authors predicted that for members of stigmatized groups who believe the status system is fair, interacting with a prejudiced partner, compared with interacting with an unprejudiced partner, would disconfirm their worldview and result in greater threat. In contrast, the authors predicted that for members of stigmatized groups who believe the system is unfair, interacting with a prejudiced partner, compared with interacting with an unprejudiced partner, would confirm their worldview and result in less threat. The authors examined these predictions among Latinas interacting with a White female confederate (Study 1) and White females interacting with a White male confederate (Study 2). As predicted, people's beliefs about the fairness of the status system moderated their experiences of threat during intergroup interactions, indicated both by cardiovascular responses and nonverbal behavior. The specific pattern of the moderation differed across the 2 studies. 相似文献
247.
Klaske A. Glashouwer Peter J. de Jong Brenda W. J. H. Penninx Ad J. F. M. Kerkhof Richard van Dyck Johan Ormel 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):428-437
Dysfunctional self-schemas are assumed to play an important role in suicidal ideation. According to recent information-processing
models, it is important to differentiate between ‘explicit’ beliefs and automatic associations. Explicit beliefs stem from
the weighting of propositions and their corresponding ‘truth’ values, while automatic associations reflect more simple associations
in memory. Both types of associations are assumed to have different functional properties and both may be involved in suicidal
ideation. Thus far, studies into self-schemas and suicidal ideation focused on the more explicit, consciously accessible traces
of self-schemas and predominantly relied on self-report questionnaires or interviews. To complement these ‘explicit’ findings
and more directly tap into self-schemas, this study investigated automatic self-associations in a large scale community sample
that was part of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The results showed that automatic self-associations
of depression and anxiety were indeed significantly related to suicidal ideation and past suicide attempt. Moreover, the interactions
between automatic self-depressive (anxious) associations and explicit self-depressive (anxious) beliefs explained additional
variance over and above explicit self-beliefs. Together these results provide an initial insight into one explanation of why
suicidal patients might report difficulties in preventing and managing suicidal thoughts. 相似文献
248.
Anne-Laura van Harmelen Peter J. de Jong Brenda W.J.H. Penninx Bernet M. Elzinga 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(6):486-494
Individuals reporting Childhood Abuse (CA) (i.e., emotional neglect, emotional-, physical- and sexual-abuse) are marked by increased explicit (i.e. self-reported) negative self-associations, and an increased risk to develop depression or anxiety disorders. Automatic self-associations might play an important role in the development and maintenance of affective disorders after exposure to CA, since automatic associations are assumed to be involved in uncontrolled (spontaneous) affective behavior. This study examined whether individuals reporting a history of CA show stronger automatic (and explicit) self-depression and/or self-anxiety associations than individuals who report no CA in a large cohort study (Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), n = 2981). The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was utilized to assess automatic self-depression and self-anxiety associations. We found that CA was associated with enhanced automatic (and explicit) self-depression and self-anxiety associations. Additionally, when compared to physical- and sexual-abuse, Childhood Emotional Maltreatment (CEM; emotional abuse and emotional neglect) had the strongest link with enhanced automatic (and explicit) self-depression and self-anxiety associations. In addition, automatic and explicit negative self-associations partially mediated the association between CEM and depressive or anxious symptomatology. Implications regarding the importance of CA, and CEM in particular will be discussed. 相似文献
249.
The current research examined whether group identification moderates the extent to which perceived ingroup discrimination is threatening, as indexed by physiological and self-report measures. Women read and gave a speech summarizing an article describing sexism as prevalent or rare. They then completed a distraction task and sat for a recovery period. Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) was used to index threat experienced on an automatic level and self-reported anxiety was used to index threat experienced on a controlled level. Regardless of group identification, participants in the prevalent sexism (vs. rare sexism) condition exhibited a pattern of CVR consistent with threat during the speech and reported greater anxiety post-speech. During recovery, however, highly identified participants in the prevalent sexism condition exhibited a sustained threat pattern of CVR and reported higher anxiety post-recovery compared to low identifiers. High group identification may heighten the psychological and physiological burden of discrimination. 相似文献
250.
This article parallels a debate similar to the one in Canada and elsewhere where researchers whose work involves humans now operate under a single ethics policy, with a strong biomedical emphasis. The institution of research ethics committees for humanities and social sciences in South Africa are relatively recent, posing unique challenges to researchers and academicians. These factors contribute to the complexity of conducting ethically sound research in the humanities and social sciences. The article explores this specific context and how a research ethics committee in the humanities and social sciences can meet the challenge of the unique South African context. 相似文献