Parental sex-role attitudes and child-rearing values

Parental sex-role attitudes (i.e., sex-role ideology, self-perceptions of masculinity and femininity and stereotyping) were examined in relation to the parental child-rearing values of independence granting and pressure for achievement. The major hypothesis was that nontraditional sex-role attitudes would be related to earlier independence granting and greater emphasis on achievement, particularly among parents of female children. A second objective was to examine sex-of-child and sex-of-parent differences in these two child-rearing values. The subjects were the natural mothers (n=138) and fathers (n=114) of preschool girls and boys. The sample (N=252) was all White, middle class, in two-parent families, and highly educated. Among parents of girls, but not of boys, sex-role attitudes had a significant effect on child-rearing values in the hypothesized direction. As for the child-rearing values per se, few sex-of-child or sex-of-parent differences emerged. In contrast to previous studies, fathers' child-rearing values were found to be relatively unaffected by the sex of their children.Data reported here were gathered as part of a research project supported by NIMH Grant No. 25217. The author is deeply grateful for the collaboration of Grace Baruch in all phases of the research. She wishes also to acknowledge the assistance of Susan Dibner, Nancy Harmon, and Diana Jeffries in instrument design and data collection, and of Frances Stubblefield in data analysis. The cooperation of participating children, parents, and preschool personnel is greatly appreciated.     

Validating a measure of children's others-concept through population and behavior variables

Data are presented to support the Paired Hands Test (PHT) as a valid measure of the others-concept in children. This construct is defined as a person's general expectancies or perceptions about other people along a positive-negative continuum. Behavioral data are reported which replicate findings from earlier, smaller studies that children who have relatively high others-concepts are likely to interact more positively in small, unsupervised groups than children having relatively low others-concepts. Population data are also given, based upon 1,235 PHT test scores broken down by such variables as sex and socioeconomic status. Additionally, content validity inherent in the nature of the test is discussed. The conclusion drawn is that the data can be best explained by employing the others-concept as a theoretical construct measured by the PHT.     

Is Water Necessarily Identical to H2O?

Philosophical Studies -     

Genotype and environment in the social interactions of wild and domestic “Norway” rats

Wild rats, Rattus norvegicus, (a) trapped as adults or (b) of the second generation in captivity (lab-wild), and domestic rats of two strains, were studied for 28 days in artificial colonies in large cages with attached nest boxes. Controls were kept in mated pairs in small cages. Each colony consisted of six males and six females. The interactions of the males in six colonies of trapped rats were highly “stressful;” 61% died; and most of the survivors lost weight and had greatly enlarged adrenals. In each colony, however, there was a male (an alpha) that gained in weight and spent much time, during the dark hours, in the open on the floor of the cage; and in three colonies there were also other males (“betas”) that gained in weight. The adrenals of alphas and betas weighed about the same as those of the controls. In one of the 12 colonies of domestic rats one male behaved like a wild male; but in the other colonies the males gained in body weight and their adrenal weights resembled those of the controls. In three colonies of lab-wild rats 22% of the males died, but there was no evidence of males of different status. The findings confirm that the “agonistic” behavior of domestic rats is usually much attenuated in comparison with that of the wild type; a number of methodologic implications are discussed.     

Further experiments on the social interactions of domestic “Norway” rats

Domestic rats, Rattus norvegicus, aged nearly one year, were studied in artificial colonies in large cages with attached nest boxes. As in previous experiments on younger domestic rats, but not those on wild rats, the colonies were peaceful. Questions concerning the “aggressive” or “agonistic” behavior of domestic rats are further discussed.     

Dimensions of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision Making: An Empirical Study

Moral intensity is a construct that relates to issues in terms of their perceived moral significance. Individuals' perceptions of moral intensity should impact their recognition of issues as posing moral dilemmas and should also affect ethical judgments and behavioral intentions regarding issues. This study examined the relationship between 4 dimensions of moral intensity and the ethical decision-making process. Two work-related actions were presented to respondents, who then completed measures of the 4 dimensions of moral intensity, whether the actions posed an ethical issue, ethical judgments regarding the actions, and the likelihood that they would engage in the actions. Results indicate that moral intensity dimensions were associated with individuals' ethical decisions. Social consensus and seriousness of consequences were particularly important influences on the ethical decision-making process.