Unwilling but not unable to control: Ego depletion increases effortful dishonesty with material rewards

Previous studies have found that ego depletion increases dishonesty. However, it remains unclear whether ego depletion makes participants unable to exert self‐control or unwilling to exert self‐control when it increases dishonesty. The present study aimed to clarify this. Based on the process model, ego depletion causes individuals to pay more attention to material rewards and increases the motivation to act on impulse. Therefore, it is possible that ego‐depleted participants are unwilling, rather than unable, to be honest. We conducted two experiments to examine this hypothesis. Results showed that ego depletion increased material‐based dishonesty even when the dishonest behavior was more complicated and effortful than was the honest behavior. However, participants were reluctant to cheat just for convenience, and ego depletion had no apparent effect on convenience‐based dishonesty without any material rewards. The theoretical implications and future directions of these results are discussed.     

医学职业显规则何以不再“败走麦城”

近些年来,医学职业显规则接连受挫,医学职业生态呈现非常态甚至反常态。其根本原因在于,医学职业显规则与潜规则二者并存且此消彼长。职业规则是职业精神的核心。若要真正颠覆医学职业潜规则,让医学职业显规则回归医学职业生活,从而恢复或重构医学职业精神,就必须克服现存的医学职业显规则的致命性缺欠,进行自身优化,即强化自己的权威性、情境性与实用性。     

客体-空间表象和言语认知风格模型及其测量

在言语-表象认知风格模型中, 视觉表象认知风格一直被视为单一的结构, 且在此基础上发展出的各种测量方法均存在效度上的缺陷, 导致了研究者对该认知风格模型的普遍质疑。随着对视觉认知加工研究的深入, 尤其是对视觉客体表象与视觉空间表象在功能和解剖上的双分离的理解, 为进一步区分表象型认知风格提供了理论和实证依据, 进而促进了客体-空间表象和言语(Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal, OSIV)认知风格模型的提出, 而在此基础上开发的新测量工具(Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire, OSIVQ)具有良好的信、效度, 有力地支持了OSIV认知风格模型。OSIV认知风格模型及其测量为研究人类的认知风格以及视觉认知拓展了新视野。尽管如此, 两种不同视觉表象子系统并存于个体的视觉表象系统中, 因此, 它们分离的原因、相互作用及其与视觉注意之间的关系有待进一步研究。     

Measuring the effect of conflict on software engineering teams

This article describes a project that aimed to uncover the effects of different forms of conflict on team performance during the important feasibility, requirements analysis, and design phases of software engineering (SE) projects. The research subjects were master of science students who were working to produce software commissioned by real-world clients. A template was developed that allowed researchers to record details of any conflicts that occurred. It was found that some forms of conflict were more damaging than others and that the frequency and intensity of specific conflicts are important factors to consider. The experience of the researchers when using the final template suggests that it is a valuable weapon to have in one's arsenal if one is interested in observing and recording the details of conflict in either SE teams or teams in different contexts.     

The Antecedent and Consequence of Person–Organization Fit: Ingratiation,similarity, hiring recommendations and job offer

This study investigates how the ingratiation and perceived similarity of a job applicant can affect the judgment of an interviewer in determining person–organization fit (P–O fit), hiring recommendations and the job offer during a job interview. Data were collected from 144 interviewers and 184 applicants from 28 companies in Taiwan. The results suggest that applicant ingratiation has a positive effect on an interviewer's perceived similarity with the applicant, and that this perceived similarity mediates the relationship between applicant ingratiation and the interviewer's judgment of the applicant's P–O fit. The results further suggest that the relationship between the interviewer's judgment of the applicant's P–O fit and the job offer is mediated by hiring recommendations. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

表观遗传修饰在应激诱发抑郁症中的作用

应激可以对个体的生理和行为产生负面影响, 甚至导致抑郁症, 但病因机制尚不清楚。近年来许多研究发现应激导致的表观遗传修饰变化影响抑郁症的发生。表观遗传是指DNA序列不发生变化, 但基因表达却发生了可遗传的改变。应激引起的HPA轴、单胺类递质、BDNF三个方面的表观遗传修饰的变化, 在抑郁症发生中发挥重要作用。最后提出了目前表观遗传机制研究的局限性和未来研究热点。     

新手-熟手-专家型教师成就目标定向与人格特征的研究

本研究采用量表法考察三种类型教师成就目标定向与人格特征的特点。结果表明 ,与普通成人相比 ,我国中学教师比较外倾 ,精神质水平更高。三种类型教师在任务目标上存在显著性差异 ,新手型教师的任务目标水平显著低于熟手型教师 ;而在成绩目标上 ,不存在显著性差异。新手型教师在精神质维度上与熟手型教师存在显著性差异 ,其精神质水平显著低于熟手型教师 ,熟手型教师在神经质维度上与专家型教师存在显著性差异 ,其神经质水平显著低于专家型教师 ,神经质水平高是专家型教师典型的人格特征。     

元明清时期长江下游民众的武当山进香之旅

武当山进香风俗的形成至迟不晚于宋代,到明代达鼎盛,吸收了来自全国各地的香客,清代有衰减,但仍对周边地区产生了影响.长江下游民众自元代开始来武当朝斋,经明清两代,一直持续到民国年间,这期间长江下游人朝武当山的原因除明代武当山地位的尊崇、武当宫观陈设的穷极富丽及武当山自然景观的丰富外,还与长江下游自南宋以来真武信仰的兴盛有关.     

Reducing White Juror Bias: The Role of Race Salience and Racial Attitudes1

Both Black and White jurors exhibit a racial bias by being more likely to find defendants of a different race guilty than defendants who are of the same race. Sommers & Ellsworth (2000, 2001 ) found that salient racial issues in a trial reduced White juror racial bias toward a Black defendant. We examined if race salience could reduce White juror racial bias, even for individuals who reported high levels of racism. Making race salient reduced White juror racial bias toward a Black defendant. Jurors' racist beliefs were only associated with the verdict when the defendant's race was not made salient. This finding suggests that the effects of individual prejudice toward a Black defendant can be reduced by making the defendant's race salient.     

Toward a Model Informed Consent Process for BRCA1 Testing: A Qualitative Assessment of Women's Attitudes

As an initial part of a project to develop a model informed consent process for BRCA1 testing, we conducted a series of focus groups. At the groups, women initially expressed great interest in testing, but their interest diminished after learning more. If offered testing, women would most want to learn about test accuracy, practical details of testing, and management options if the result was positive. Perceived benefits of testing included gaining information leading to risk reduction, relief of uncertainty, more responsible parenting, and assisting in research. Perceived risks included the discomfort and cost of the testing process itself, and anxiety after a positive result. The risk of possible insurance discrimination was rarely mentioned spontaneously. Many women would want their providers to make recommendations, rather than be nondirective about testing. We observed that women vary greatly in their informational and counseling needs, and suggest that the informed consent process should be individualized, taking into account a woman's perception and her preferences for how testing decisions should be made.