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221.
Neves Filho Hernando Borges Assaz Daniel Afonso Dicezare Rodrigo Harder Ferro Knaus Yulla Christoffersen Garcia-Mijares Miriam 《The Psychological record》2021,71(4):567-575
The Psychological Record - The interconnection of repertoires is a behavioral process related to problem solving and creativity. Experiments on this topic have mostly used a single reinforcer type... 相似文献
222.
Yulia A. Tyumeneva Galina Larina Ekaterina Alexandrova Melissa DeWolf Miriam Bassok Keith J. Holyoak 《Thinking & reasoning》2018,24(2):198-220
ABSTRACTSolutions to word problems are moderated by the semantic alignment of real-world relations with mathematical operations. Categorical relations between entities (tulips, roses) are aligned with addition, whereas certain functional relations between entities (tulips, vases) are aligned with division. Similarly, discreteness vs. continuity of quantities (marbles, water) is aligned with different formats for rational numbers (fractions and decimals, respectively). These alignments have been found both in textbooks and in the performance of college students in the USA and in South Korea. The current study examined evidence for alignments in Russia. Textbook analyses revealed semantic alignments for arithmetic word problems, but not for rational numbers. Nonetheless, Russian college students showed semantic alignments both for arithmetic operations and for rational numbers. Since Russian students exhibit semantic alignments for rational numbers in the absence of exposure to examples in school, such alignments likely reflect intuitive understanding of mathematical representations of real-world situations. 相似文献
223.
Ozlem Bekar Miriam Steele Rebecca Shahmoon-Shanok Howard Steele 《Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy》2018,17(2):119-133
This study aimed to investigate the multidimensional nature of maternal mental state talk with respect to children’s social-behavioral functioning in a low-income urban preschool sample. Maternal speech data were collected as mothers narrated a wordless picture book depicting a diverse set of mental states to their children (n = 130, 2–4 year olds). Dimensions of maternal mental state talk (i.e., type, direction, causality) were examined with the Coding System for Mental State Talk in Narratives. Approximately half of the sample consisted of higher-risk children who were identified as in need of clinical services by on-site clinicians. Results indicated that mothers’ diversity and causality of mental state talk, their acknowledgement of characters’ negative emotions, and talk about children’s cognitions and their own mental states were associated with children’s socially adaptive behaviors. On the other hand, mothers’ tendency to focus on children’s perceptions during the story-telling task (e.g., “see that?,” “look!”) was linked with lower social competence and internalizing problems. Mothers in the clinical sample used a significantly lower proportion of emotion words compared to mothers in the nonclinical sample. Results suggest that a picture book reading task might provide a cost-effective method for assessing and possibly modifying maternal mental state talk. 相似文献
224.
In the introduction to this special issue on youth purpose, the authors discuss the challenges in assessing purpose in adolescents; purpose is a concept that has more often been studied in adults but not in youth. First, theauthors discuss how purpose has been defined in the literature. The authors then situate purpose in the context of a host of related constructs, such as intentional self-regulation, future orientation, goal setting, and identity. Additionally, the authors discuss the importance of accurately measuring youth purpose, as well as in what contexts the assessment of purpose is useful, such as for positive youth development researchers, as well as practitioners and evaluators of youth development programs. 相似文献
225.
226.
Attempts were made early on to associate certain human characteristics with dreams. The psychoanalytical notion of structure encompasses a fully differentiated construct, which in particular is characterized by basic mental capabilities. The structural level of a person derived from this reflects their ability for communicative exchange and dealing with themselves as well as with social partners.Within the framework of the project “Affectivity, relationship and mental disorder” operationalized psychodynamic diagnostic (OPD) interviews were carried out, from which the reports of dreams were evaluated for this investigation using the dream generation model of Moser and von Zeppelin. The aim was to investigate associations between features of dreams and the structural level. A total of four different indicators of structure were investigated, e.g. number of personality disorders, OPD-2 structural level, inventory of personality organization (IPO) and the defence maturity quotient, with reference to the association with dream characteristics according to Moser and von Zeppelin.In this investigation only a few associations between dream characteristics and structural level could be identified. The clearest was the association between the degree of maturity of defence and the dream characteristics. Dreams from persons with a more mature defence appeared more complex and livelier. Dreams from persons with a good structural integration according to OPD-2 are also characterized by more “animation” than dreams from less structured persons. The dreams from persons with a moderate structural level do not show any significant differences to those with low structural integration.The results are first and foremost critically discussed with reference to the methods. 相似文献
227.
This study investigated gender differences in two key processes involved in anxiety, arousal and attentional bias towards threat. Arousal was assessed using salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a biomarker of noradrenergic arousal and attention bias using a dot-probe task. Twenty-nine women and 27 men completed the dot-probe task and provided saliva samples before and after a stress induction [cold pressor stress (CPS) test]. Women displayed a significant increase in arousal (sAA) following the stressor compared to men, who displayed a significant reduction in arousal. Reaction time data revealed a significant avoidance of threat in women at baseline, but a significant change to an attention bias towards threat following the stressor. Men did not significantly respond to the stressor in terms of attentional bias. These findings suggest that women are more reactive to a stressor than men, and display an initial avoidance response to threat, but an attentional bias towards threat following stress. 相似文献
228.
Molly M. Hurt Jaclyn A. Nelson Dixie L. Turner Megan E. Haines Laura R. Ramsey Mindy J. Erchull Miriam Liss 《Sex roles》2007,57(5-6):355-363
The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between feminism and clinical outcomes, such as eating attitudes,
depression, and self-esteem, employing structural equation modeling to look at indirect relationships. This study examined
female participants’ (N = 282) responses to an online survey measuring feminist self-identification, conformity to feminine norms, objectified body
consciousness, eating attitudes, depression, and self-esteem. Participants were recruited on two college campuses and through
online listservs. Feminist self-identification was related to rejecting the feminine norms of thinness, appearance, and the
importance of romantic relationships. Endorsing these norms was related to increased body surveillance and shame. Objectification
variables were related to negative clinical outcomes. Thus, feminism is a distal, rather than proximal, influence on clinical
variables. 相似文献
229.
Between-study comparisons of benzodiazepine and anticholinergic drugs on working memory suggest that anticholinergics may
produce greater impairment in maintenance processes, whereas benzodiazepines may produce greater impairment in manipulation
processes. This study directly compared acute effects of the benzodiazepine lorazepam (1.0 and 2.0 mg/70 kg, orally administered)
and the anticholinergic scopolamine (0.25 and 0.50 mg/ 70 kg, subcutaneously administered) on working memory maintenance (storage
and rehearsal) and manipulation processes in a placebo-controlled, double-dummy, double-blind, crossover design in 20 healthy
volunteers. Using a modified Sternberg paradigm, storage, rehearsal, and manipulation processes were parametrically manipulated
by varying memory load, delay between stimulus presentation and test, and number of operations performed on the letter strings,
respectively, while controlling for drug effects on nonmemory processes. As predicted, the results suggested greater impairment
in maintenance processes (rehearsal) with scopolamine than with lorazepam and greater impairment in manipulation processes
with lorazepam than with scopolamine. In addition, the results suggested greater overall slowing of working memory processes
with lorazepam. 相似文献
230.
Mindy J. Erchull Miriam Liss Katherine A. Wilson Lindsey Bateman Ashleigh Peterson Clare E. Sanchez 《Sex roles》2009,60(11-12):832-842
We explored whether the Downing and Roush model of feminist identity development is relevant for young women today. Two-hundred seventeen older and younger feminists and non-feminists were recruited on a college campus and online in the United States. They completed, online, the Feminist Identity Composite and reported whether they would have endorsed items for each stage more strongly in the past. Qualitative data was collected about prior stage experience. Older feminists scored higher in active commitment, and younger feminists scored higher in revelation. Feminist self-identification did not relate to synthesis scores, and young women high in synthesis did not report much prior stage experience. We postulate that synthesis is a starting point for young women, rather than an ending point. 相似文献