Disseminating and using research knowledge

As a field of study, “research utilization” (RU) has addressed the gap between research and practice for some 80 years, providing conceptual scaffoldings, empirical findings, and periodic syntheses. The core problem, however, is that many social and educational dilemmas are there in the first place not because of absence of knowledge, but because of conflicting interests. As a result, the “soft technology” developed by RU specialists has had an uneven impact. At the same time, the paradigms of the RU field itself are undergoing change, with a greater appreciation of practitioner-generated research, the ascent of postmodernism and the tenets of critical theory. The articles in this special issue cover this territory, with concerns ranging from the epistemological level to new arrangements for exchanging research findings between social scientists and professionals. Michael Huberman has been Visiting Professor of Education at Harvard University since 1991, where he teachers research methodologies and conducts research on knowledge dissemination. He is also Senior Research Associate at the Network, Inc. Miriam Ben-Peretz was born in Germany and educated at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Professor Ben-Peretz served as chair of the Department of Teacher Education from 1978 to 1985, and as Dean of the School of Education of the University of Haifa from 1988 to 1993. She has been appointed president of the Academic College at Tel Hai, Israel. She has published widely, including numerous books, chapters in books, as well as many articles published in scholarly journals. Among her books is “The Teacher Curriculum Encounter” (SUNY Press, 1990).     

Information-gathering strategies in hypothesis-testing

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the informational factors affecting the kinds of questions people ask for testing a hypothesis about another's personality. In Experiment 1, subjects formulated by themselves questions to test either the hypothesis that the interviewee is polite or the hypothesis that he is impolite. The boundary of the hypothesis was set either at an extreme or at an intermediate point on the trait dimension. Experiment 2 also varied the location of the boundary, but the hypotheses concerned extroversion-introversion and subjects chose questions from a predetermined list of questions that asked either about extroverted features or introverted features and that were either low or high in diagnostic value. Both studies found that subjects preferred to ask about features that are consistent with the hypothesis only when the boundary was extreme. In contrast, diagnostic features were preferred in all conditions. Experiment 3 showed that subjects' judgment of the diagnosticity of the various kinds of questions for discriminating at different boundaries paralleled subjects' preferences among these questions. These results were interpreted as providing support for the diagnostic strategy in social information gathering.     

Stimulus novelty and intraseries primacy in GSR adaptation

GSR records were obtained for four groups of 20 Ss. Group I was presented with a series of four different lights (amber, blue, green, and white) appearing 20 times each, in apparent random order. The procedure was similar for the other three groups except that in group 2, a novel stimulus (a red light) appeared instead of the sixth amber light; in group 3, it appeared instead of the 11th amber light; and, in group 4, it appeared instead of the 16th amber light. Typical GSR adaptation phenomena were observed in all groups. The introduction of the novel stimulus appeared to have no effect on the course of GSR adaptation.     

Children's perception of gender-role-congruent and -incongruent behavior in peers: Fisher-price meets price waterhouse

This study evaluated whether traditional gender-role stereotypes still pervade children's judgments of peers. One hundred seventy-three predominantly Caucasian, middle class boys and girls (ages 7 to 12) watched either a female or a male dyad discuss fundraising activities on videotape. In each dyad, one actor portrayed either masculine or feminine stereotyped behavior, whereas the other actor was neutral. Results indicated that performance judgments of a girl who behaves in a stereotypically masculine fashion are positive, but that personality ratings are more negative.     

Value beyond truth-value: a practical response to skepticism

Synthese - I aim to offer a practical response to skepticism. I begin (in section one) by surveying a family of responses to skepticism that I term “dogmatic” and argue that they are...     

Satisfaction with Life Declines with Age in Malaysia: an Exploratory Analysis of Factors Influencing Subjective Well-Being in a Developing/Middle-Income Country

Applied Research in Quality of Life -