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211.
This study investigated gender differences in two key processes involved in anxiety, arousal and attentional bias towards threat. Arousal was assessed using salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a biomarker of noradrenergic arousal and attention bias using a dot-probe task. Twenty-nine women and 27 men completed the dot-probe task and provided saliva samples before and after a stress induction [cold pressor stress (CPS) test]. Women displayed a significant increase in arousal (sAA) following the stressor compared to men, who displayed a significant reduction in arousal. Reaction time data revealed a significant avoidance of threat in women at baseline, but a significant change to an attention bias towards threat following the stressor. Men did not significantly respond to the stressor in terms of attentional bias. These findings suggest that women are more reactive to a stressor than men, and display an initial avoidance response to threat, but an attentional bias towards threat following stress. 相似文献
212.
This research explored forgiving and its relationship to adaptive moral emotional processes: proneness to shame, guilt, anger, and empathic responsiveness. Gender differences associated with forgiving were analyzed. Participants were 138 graduate students in a large northeastern urban university. Results revealed that guilt‐proneness was positively related to Total Forgiveness, as were Empathetic Concern and Perspective Taking. A positive relationship between anger reduction and Overall Forgiveness was found. Guilt‐proneness, anger reduction, and detachment informed the process of forgiveness for women. For men, age, shame‐proneness, and pride in behavior informed the process of forgiveness. Implications and possible research are discussed. 相似文献
213.
The influence of ecocultural context on parents' image of the adaptive adult is explored via a comparison between the child‐rearing goals and ethnotheories of 20 immigrant mothers from the former Soviet Union and 20 Israeli‐born mothers. It is assumed that parents' socializing practices are premised on developmental ethnotheories reflecting societal child rearing models and expectations for children's development. The image of the “adaptive adult” in parents' country of origin is so fundamentally ingrained in their beliefs about child rearing that it is retained after immigration, and is integrated with aspects of the image of adaptive adulthood which prevails in the host culture. The current study explored (through semistructured interviews) mothers' developmental ethnotheories concerning the nature of development, how it can be influenced, and why it should be influenced, with regard to cognitive competence, autonomy, emotional regulation, and social understanding and behaviour of their 3–4‐year‐old children. It also explored their goals and expectations for their children as adults. Analysis of the interviews with Israeli‐born and immigrant mothers lends support to the main thesis of this study. Mothers of both groups would like their children to grow into intelligent, joyful, and independent adults, to be well educated and to hold prestigious occupations. All of the mothers assume, moreover, that much of child development should be promoted through the active involvement of parents. Israeli‐born mothers, however, place a greater emphasis on social competence, autonomy, and leadership, whereas the emphasis of the Soviet‐born mothers is on achievement, emotional control, efficiency, and organization. The differences and similarities between the two groups of mothers are discussed in the context of their respective ecocultural backgrounds. It is proposed that each group's ethnotheories, developmental goals, and aspirations for their children reflect their respective values, perceptions, and understanding of the reality in which they raise their children. These values and perceptions seem, in turn, related to the respective ecocultures in which they were raised, as well as the one in which they rear their own children. 相似文献
214.
Molly M. Hurt Jaclyn A. Nelson Dixie L. Turner Megan E. Haines Laura R. Ramsey Mindy J. Erchull Miriam Liss 《Sex roles》2007,57(5-6):355-363
The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between feminism and clinical outcomes, such as eating attitudes,
depression, and self-esteem, employing structural equation modeling to look at indirect relationships. This study examined
female participants’ (N = 282) responses to an online survey measuring feminist self-identification, conformity to feminine norms, objectified body
consciousness, eating attitudes, depression, and self-esteem. Participants were recruited on two college campuses and through
online listservs. Feminist self-identification was related to rejecting the feminine norms of thinness, appearance, and the
importance of romantic relationships. Endorsing these norms was related to increased body surveillance and shame. Objectification
variables were related to negative clinical outcomes. Thus, feminism is a distal, rather than proximal, influence on clinical
variables. 相似文献
215.
Between-study comparisons of benzodiazepine and anticholinergic drugs on working memory suggest that anticholinergics may
produce greater impairment in maintenance processes, whereas benzodiazepines may produce greater impairment in manipulation
processes. This study directly compared acute effects of the benzodiazepine lorazepam (1.0 and 2.0 mg/70 kg, orally administered)
and the anticholinergic scopolamine (0.25 and 0.50 mg/ 70 kg, subcutaneously administered) on working memory maintenance (storage
and rehearsal) and manipulation processes in a placebo-controlled, double-dummy, double-blind, crossover design in 20 healthy
volunteers. Using a modified Sternberg paradigm, storage, rehearsal, and manipulation processes were parametrically manipulated
by varying memory load, delay between stimulus presentation and test, and number of operations performed on the letter strings,
respectively, while controlling for drug effects on nonmemory processes. As predicted, the results suggested greater impairment
in maintenance processes (rehearsal) with scopolamine than with lorazepam and greater impairment in manipulation processes
with lorazepam than with scopolamine. In addition, the results suggested greater overall slowing of working memory processes
with lorazepam. 相似文献
216.
Mindy J. Erchull Miriam Liss Katherine A. Wilson Lindsey Bateman Ashleigh Peterson Clare E. Sanchez 《Sex roles》2009,60(11-12):832-842
We explored whether the Downing and Roush model of feminist identity development is relevant for young women today. Two-hundred seventeen older and younger feminists and non-feminists were recruited on a college campus and online in the United States. They completed, online, the Feminist Identity Composite and reported whether they would have endorsed items for each stage more strongly in the past. Qualitative data was collected about prior stage experience. Older feminists scored higher in active commitment, and younger feminists scored higher in revelation. Feminist self-identification did not relate to synthesis scores, and young women high in synthesis did not report much prior stage experience. We postulate that synthesis is a starting point for young women, rather than an ending point. 相似文献
217.
Miriam Rosenberg-Lee Marsha C. Lovett John R. Anderson 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(3):270-285
Recent research into math cognition has identified areas of the brain that are involved in number processing (Dehaene, Piazza,
Pinel, & Cohen, 2003) and complex problem solving (Anderson, 2007). Much of this research assumes that participants use a
single strategy; yet, behavioral research finds that people use a variety of strategies (LeFevre et al., 1996; Siegler, 1987;
Siegler & Lemaire, 1997). In the present study, we examined cortical activation as a function of two different calculation
strategies for mentally solving multidigit multiplication problems. The school strategy, equivalent to long multiplication,
involves working from right to left. The expert strategy, used by “lightning” mental calculators (Staszewski, 1988), proceeds
from left to right. The two strategies require essentially the same calculations, but have different working memory demands
(the school strategy incurs greater demands). The school strategy produced significantly greater early activity in areas involved
in attentional aspects of number processing (posterior superior parietal lobule, PSPL) and mental representation (posterior
parietal cortex, PPC), but not in a numerical magnitude area (horizontal intraparietal sulcus, HIPS) or a semantic memory
retrieval area (lateral inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC). An ACT-R model of the task successfully predicted BOLD responses
in PPC and LIPFC, as well as in PSPL and HIPS. 相似文献
218.
Lorenzo Leggio George A. Kenna Miriam Fenton Erica Bonenfant Robert M. Swift 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(1):115-129
The goal of typology research is to identify subtypes of alcohol dependent (AD) patients sharing fundamental characteristics
and try to match each subtype, with the most precise treatment strategy. This review provides a comprehensive history of the
literature on alcohol dependent subtypes starting from the earliest attempt made by Jellinek. The binary models identified
most closely with Cloninger and Babor as well as the successively more complex classifications are discussed. Typology classification
potentially useful in guiding the treatment of AD patients, especially in the case of the serotonergic medications. Contrasting
data suggests that other factors could influence the response to a medication and/or that more complex typologies should be
identified. In summary, typology models may assist in the ascertainment criteria for clinical trials performed in behavioral
and pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Greater emphasis, however, must be made to more clearly delineate this field of research,
while moving toward more standardized typologies. 相似文献
219.
Deanne K. Unruh Jeff M. Gau Miriam G. Waintrup 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(3):284-293
Juvenile offenders are costly to our society in terms of the monetary and social expenditures from the legal system, victims’
person costs, and incarceration. The re-entry and community reintegration outcomes for formerly incarcerated youth with a
disabling condition are bleak compared to peers without disabilities. In this study, we examined the factors––both static
and intervention-related––that reduce recidivism rates for project participants possessing a mental health and/or special
education diagnosis and were served by a facility-to-community re-entry intervention. Our sample was comprised of a total
of 320 youth formerly incarcerated who received project services between August of 1999 through June of 2004. Project services
include a transition specialist whose role is service coordination to youth from the facility to the community. Kaplan–Meier
survival functions were calculated for participants on the outcome measure of the rates of recidivism. Additionally, Cox regression
modeling was used to identify factors for the prediction of time to recidivate. Our findings indicate that the intervention
may contribute to reduced recidivism rates but that a set of static demographic and pre-incarceration risks contribute more
to the prediction of recidivism than community adjustment factors (e.g., employment or enrollment). With these findings, the
intervention seems promising yet it remains unclear about which programmatic features contribute to reduced recidivism rates.
Implications for research and practice are shared. 相似文献
220.
Urlings Miriam J. E. Duyx Bram Swaen Gerard M. H. Bouter Lex M. Zeegers Maurice P. A. 《Science and engineering ethics》2020,26(6):3053-3067
Science and Engineering Ethics - Citing of previous publications is an important factor in knowledge development. Because of the great amount of publications available, only a selection of studies... 相似文献