In three experiments we examined whether memory for object locations in the peri-personal space in the absence of vision is affected by the correspondence between encoding and test either of the body position or of the reference point. In particular, the study focuses on the distinction between different spatial representations, by using a paradigm in which participants are asked to relocate objects explored haptically. Three frames of reference were systematically compared. In experiment 1, participants relocated the objects either from the same position of learning by taking as reference their own body (centred egocentric condition) or from a 90 degrees decentred position (allocentric condition). Performance was measured in terms of linear distance errors and angular distance errors. Results revealed that the allocentric condition was more difficult than the centred egocentric condition. In experiment 2, participants performed either the centred egocentric condition or a decentred egocentric condition, in which the body position during the test was the same as at encoding (egocentric) but the frame of reference was based on a point decentred by 90 degrees. The decentred egocentric condition was found to be more difficult than the centred egocentric condition. Finally, in experiment 3, participants performed in the decentred egocentric condition or the allocentric condition. Here, the allocentric condition was found to be more difficult than the decentred egocentric condition. Taken together, the results suggest that also in the peripersonal space and in the absence of vision different frames of reference can be distinguished. In particular, the decentred egocentric condition involves a frame of reference which seems to be neither allocentric nor totally egocentric. 相似文献
Toxic stressors (e.g., parental violence, depression, low income) place children at risk for insecure attachment. Parental reflective function—parents’ capacity to understand their own and their child's mental states and thus regulate their own feelings and behavior toward their child—may buffer the negative effects of toxic stress on attachment. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACH) intervention, focusing on improving reflective function and children's attachment security, for at-risk mothers and children <36 months of age. Three pilot studies were conducted with women and children from an inner city agency serving vulnerable, low-income families and a family violence shelter. Randomized control trial (n = 20, n = 10 at enrollment) and quasi-experimental (n = 10 at enrollment) methods tested the effect of the ATTACH intervention on the primary outcome of reflective function scores, from transcribed Parent Development Interviews. Our secondary outcome was children's attachment patterns from Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure. Despite some attrition, mixed methods analysis of covariance and t tests revealed significant differences in maternal, child, and overall reflective function, with moderate effect sizes. While more children whose mothers received the ATTACH program were securely attached posttreatment, as compared with controls, significant differences were not observed, which may be due to missing observations (n = 5 cases). Understanding the effectiveness of programs like the ATTACH intervention contributes to improved programs and services to promote healthy development of children affected by toxic stress. 相似文献
The study raises the question of whether guide dogs and pet dogs are expected to differ in response to cues of referential
communication given by their owners; especially since guide dogs grow up among sighted humans, and while living with their
blind owners, they still have interactions with several sighted people. Guide dogs and pet dogs were required to respond to
point, point and gaze, gaze and control cues of referential communication given by their owners. Results indicate that the
two groups of dogs do not differ from each other, revealing that the visual status of the owner is not a factor in the use
of cues of referential communication. Both groups of dogs have higher frequencies of performance and faster latencies for
the point and the point and gaze cues as compared to gaze cue only. However, responses to control cues are below chance performance
for the guide dogs, whereas the pet dogs perform at chance. The below chance performance of the guide dogs may be explained
by a tendency among them to go and stand by the owner. The study indicates that both groups of dogs respond similarly in normal
daily dyadic interaction with their owners and the lower comprehension of the human gaze may be a less salient cue among dogs
in comparison to the pointing gesture. 相似文献
We investigated age-based changes in mothers’ complaints about offspring behavioral opposition, and offspring reports of opposition
in a prospective longitudinal design (N = 821). Maternal complaints declined from pre-adolescence to early adulthood, but more slowly in low socioeconomic status
(SES) and single-parent families. Mothers complained more about first- than later-born children, but showed no average differences
for offspring gender, race, SES, or single parent status. Complaints covaried with youth-reported opposition, but effects
involving SES, single-parent status, and birth order remained significant after opposition was controlled; this finding is
interpreted to reflect social contextual differences in maternal beliefs. Youth opposition was stable to age 16, then decreased;
higher levels were associated with earlier birth order and low SES among European-Americans. Our results have implications
for parenting interventions, indicating that parents may benefit from education about the normative, gradual increase in concordance
between their own expectations and their child’s behavior from early to late adolescence. Further, parenting interventions
may be strengthened by actively attending to social contextual factors that shape parental belief systems and values. 相似文献
Children of parents suffering from a serious disease (e.g. cancer, multiple sclerosis, Aids) are at increased risk for mental health problems. Empirically based interventions for these children are missing. At the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, a preventive short-term counselling service has been existing since July 2000. Results from a 6-month evaluation (n=50) are presented. The evaluation encompasses a retrospective interrogation in a multiperspective und multidimensional approach. Most families experienced the intervention as helpful and supportive in coping with the multiple stressors of the situation. Out of a previously defined list of 12 intervention goals, enhancing anticipatory grief in children, their active coping behaviour as well as parents’ sense of their own parenting competence were identified as the most important foci of the counselling interventions, as reported by parents, children and therapists. 相似文献
Across two experiments involving four presentation times in total, Sklar et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 2012, 19614) found that complex subtraction equations can be solved without awareness of the equations. These findings challenge the current position that consciousness is necessary for performing abstract, rule-following tasks. Given the important implications of their work, we aimed to directly replicate Sklar's findings using a larger sample (n = 94) from a different population. Using continuous flash suppression, we investigated if people were able to solve an equation after subliminal (1,300 ms) exposure to it. We found evidence of unconscious subtraction consistent with Sklar et al., albeit the effect is weak. Critical review of our results and implications for further research are discussed. 相似文献
The presence of a dermatological condition may deter contact with the affected person because it falsely signals the threat of infection. The current study investigated interpersonal aversion towards individuals with the appearance of acne and psoriasis. Participants (N = 196) either viewed a female face with the appearance of acne, psoriasis, or no visible dermatological condition. Participants rated the attractiveness of the person, and indicated their willingness for social and indirect contact with them. The person depicted with acne was rated significantly less attractive than the person with psoriasis or no dermatological condition. Participants reported significantly less willingness for indirect contact with the person depicted with acne or psoriasis compared to the person with no visible dermatological condition. In contrast, participants expressed more willingness for social contact with a person with acne than with the person with psoriasis or no dermatological condition. Group differences were significant when controlling for attractiveness ratings. Unwarranted fear of infection might underpin avoidance and discriminatory behaviour towards those with skin conditions. Further research is required to understand factors that influence avoidance of contact. 相似文献
This study identified which aspects regarding the dimensions of quality of life, in terms of body image, relationships with family and friends, rest and free time, school, well-being and lifestyles function as predictors of self-perceived health among school adolescents in the southern Brazil. The sample was composed of 3360 students, ninth graders in public schools in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre/RS (Brazil). The instruments used were: a) Health Behaviour in School Children, b) Happiness Overall Life, c) Positive and Negative Affect Scale, d) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), e) Brief Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction in Students (BMSLSS), and f) Subscale of Cohesion of the Family Environment Scale (FES). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors of perceived health. The results revealed a model with nine predictor variables in the sense that being more satisfied with one’s own body, perceiving one’s eating habits as healthier compared to others of the same age, having a greater sense of happiness in their current life, being able to talk to one’s brothers/sisters about issues of concern, a perception of being thinner compared to other people of the same age, greater consumption of healthy food, greater presence of positive affects and being male contribute to a greater perception of health. The results show that, for this population, the health issues are beyond the concern over physical health or the presence or absence of symptoms, but also encompass behavioral, relational and psychological aspects, as well.