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141.
142.
Rhonda Tabbah Jessica J. Chung Antoinette Halsell Miranda 《Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research》2016,16(4):319-334
Research examining the rejection-identification model of ethnic identity in Arab American adolescents is scarce. This exploratory study investigates various factors in relation to a sample of 60 Arab American adolescents’ (aged 12–18 years) ethnic identity including discrimination and academic and global self-concepts. Ethnic identity was measured using the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, which is composed of two factors including Affirmation/Belonging and Ethnic Search. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was used to measure academic and global self-concepts. In addition, the lead author developed a questionnaire asking participants to self-report whether either they or another Arab student they knew had been treated badly or differently because of their ethnicity. Discrimination experience and Affirmation/Belonging were significant predictors of scholastic competence, while Affirmation/Belonging was the sole significant predictor in Global Self-Worth. High levels of ethnic identity in the area of Affirmation/Belonging seemed to play a protective role in global self-concept in the face of discrimination. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
143.
Miranda Horvath Jennifer Brown 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2005,2(3):203-210
This paper reviews the limited literature on drug‐assisted rape (DAR) and develops definitions and constructs. A novel data gathering method, the multiple sorting task, was adopted to explore lay understanding of DAR. Participants (N = 8) were drawn from the general public. Each of the 21 stimulus cards used had the name of one sexual or romantic encounter printed on it. Participants completed one fixed sort in terms of the motivation of the male involved in the encounter. Data were analysed by means of multiple scalogram analysis (MSA). Findings show that the key factors for distinguishing sexual and romantic encounters are whether the behaviour is: consensual, contracted or forced; planned or impulsive; motivated primarily by the desire for sex or for a relationship. When motivation of the offender is considered, drug‐assisted rape and sexual assault is distinguishable from other consensual sexual behaviours but not from other types of rape. Findings are discussed in terms of the limitations of the present study, the need for further research and practical applications for assisting police enquiries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
144.
Identifying protective factors present at schools located in neighborhoods with high structural violence is fundamental to help prevent the perpetuation of violence . Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe how some school micro‐system variables, such as school environment and interpersonal relationships that adults establish with adolescents, may lead to bullying behaviors or, on the contrary, to positive bystander behavior in the bully‐victim dynamic. The sample was composed of 5,774 adolescents from 71 schools located in violent neighborhoods in Lima (Peru). 31.9 per cent of the sample experienced verbal violence and the prevalence of cyberbullying was 24.6%. Boys were more prone to experience both types of bullying than girls, although no differences were seen in the probability of becoming aggressors during early and late adolescence. The protective model showed that a positive atmosphere based on a supportive environment with clear rules encouraged adults at school to show more support and to provide more orientation in bullying situations, thus promoting a positive bystander behavior between peers. Opposite results were observed in the risk model. Actions at the micro‐system school level are discussed to enhance protective factors and reduce risk factors. 相似文献
145.
A qualitative investigation of staff's practical,personal and philosophical barriers to the implementation of a web‐based platform in a child mental health setting
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146.
Ruud Custers Marjolein Maas Miranda Wildenbeest Henk Aarts 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(6):1013-1022
The ability to overcome obstacles is widely regarded as a sign of motivation. Building on recent research on nonconscious goal pursuit, two experiments are presented that test whether activating the goal of helping outside people's awareness by exposure to social stereotypes causes them to overcome physical and social obstacles. Experiment 1 established that although overall participants were less inclined to pick up a tissue that was accidentally dropped on the floor by the experimenter when this tissue was dirty instead of clean, they were able to overcome their aversion toward picking up the physical object when they were primed with the mental representation of a social group (e.g., nurse) containing the goal of helping. Results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which participants had to overcome a social obstacle by providing feedback to a student of a negatively evaluated ethnic minority group, and explanations in terms of demand characteristics and mood were excluded. Implications for the literature on nonconscious goal pursuit are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Episodic memory is the ability to remember personally experienced past events (Tulving in Organization of memory. Academic
Press, San Diego, pp. 381–403, 1972). In non-human animals, the behavioural criterion for episodic-like memory is remembering
“what” occurred in conjunction with “when” and “where” (Clayton and Dickinson in Nature 395:272–274, 1998). We conducted tests
for “what, where, and when” memory in a food-storing bird, the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). In Experiment 1, chickadees found sunflower seeds and mealworms in concealed sites in their home cage. Birds later re-visited
these sites after either a short (3 h) or long (123 h) retention interval. Chickadees normally prefer mealworms, but at the
long retention interval mealworms were degraded in taste and appearance. Chickadees showed some memory for what kind of food
they had encountered and where, but no memory for when food had previously been found. Experiment 2 followed a similar procedure,
except that chickadees searched for hidden sunflower seeds and mealworms in trees in an indoor aviary. These more natural
conditions increased both the spatial scale of the task and the effort required to find food. In this experiment, birds showed
evidence for all three components of what–where–when memory. Unlike some previous studies of episodic-like memory, birds’
behaviour cannot be accounted for by differential memory strength for more recent events. The results show that memory for
what, where, and when occurs in food-storing birds outside the corvid family, does not require food caching or retrieval,
and that remembering “when” can depend on the nature of the task. 相似文献
148.
Hvorecny LM Grudowski JL Blakeslee CJ Simmons TL Roy PR Brooks JA Hanner RM Beigel ME Karson MA Nichols RH Holm JB Boal JG 《Animal cognition》2007,10(4):449-459
In complex navigation using landmarks, an animal must discriminate between potential cues and show context (condition) sensitivity. Such conditional discrimination is considered a form of complex learning and has been associated primarily with vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that octopuses and cuttlefish are capable of conditional discrimination. Subjects were trained in two maze configurations (the conditions) in which they were required to select one of two particular escape routes within each maze (the discrimination). Conditional discrimination could be demonstrated by selecting the correct escape route in each maze. Six of ten mud-flat octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides), 6 of 13 pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), and one of four common cuttlefish (S. officinalis) demonstrated conditional discrimination by successfully solving both mazes. These experiments demonstrate that cephalopods are capable of conditional discrimination and extend the limits of invertebrate complex learning. 相似文献
149.
David E. Conroy Miranda P. Kaye Angela M. Fifer 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(4):237-253
This study investigated links between three forms of perfectionism and beliefs associated with fear of failure (FF). College
students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Performance Failure Appraisal
Inventory in a single session. After controlling for other forms of perfectionism, only socially prescribed perfectionism
(SPP) was strongly associated with beliefs that failure led to aversive interpersonal consequences (i.e., important others
losing interest, upsetting important others). Other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) exhibited a weak negative relation with beliefs
that failure would lead to devaluation of one’s self-estimate; individuals who held the highest standards for others’ behavior
had the weakest beliefs that failure would lead to them devaluing their self-estimate. Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) was
not associated with any beliefs that failure led to aversive consequences; however, when SOP and OOP were simultaneously elevated,
they contributed positively to fears of experiencing shame and embarrassment (above and beyond main effects of SPP). Collectively
these findings indicated that FF was not ubiquitous with all forms of perfectionism because the specific beliefs about the
consequences of failure that underlie different forms of perfectionism varied tremendously.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the College of Health & Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University. 相似文献
150.
Miranda A. H. Horvath Roger Giner‐Sorolla 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(12):2980-3009
Sexual age‐of‐consent violations involving adult–adolescent relationships (AARs) are sometimes viewed with ambivalence by the media and are infrequently prosecuted. Two studies conducted in Britain (where the age of consent is 16) examined influences on disapproval of minimally presented AARs between a 14‐year‐old and a 30‐year‐old. In Study 1, AARs involving an older man were seen as more harmful and objectionable than those involving an older woman. A second study on a jury‐eligible adult population replicated Study 1's gender effects, and also found a difference between legal knowledge and personal belief that the older person had committed a crime. Gender effects in both studies were mediated by perceived harm and emotions. 相似文献