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271.
Ying Wang Feng Jin Baofeng Chi Shengyun Duan Qing Zhang Ying Liu 《Psychology, health & medicine》2016,21(8):964-974
There is little epidemiological research on Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Inner Mongolia, China. Here we investigated the prevalence of IBS and factors associated with IBS in both males and females in Inner Mongolia Medical University by a cross-sectional study. We recruited Inner Mongolia Medical University students residing in campus and asked them to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of IBS in each factor we chose in all, male, and female students was determined. We assessed IBS subtypes in male and female students. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with IBS in male and female students. The overall prevalence of IBS was 29.5%. The prevalence of IBS in female students was significantly higher than that in male students (31.3% vs. 24.8%, p < .001). Logistic regression results showed that attempting to lose weight and anxiety were both associated with increasing odds of IBS, while exercise was not associated with IBS in either male or female students. In female students, snack consumption and depression were also both associated with increasing odds of IBS. The predominant IBS subtype was the diarrhea-predominant type in both male and female students. Considering the high prevalence of IBS in students and the fact that the factors associated with IBS can be improved by individuals, students should be given adequate education and counseling to improve their mental health and lifestyle, especially female students in higher grades. 相似文献
272.
273.
Miranda Fricker 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2016,50(1):165-183
When we hope to explain and perhaps vindicate a practice that is internally diverse, philosophy faces a methodological challenge. Such subject matters are likely to have explanatorily basic features that are not necessary conditions. This prompts a move away from analysis to some other kind of philosophical explanation. This paper proposes a paradigm based explanation of one such subject matter: blame. First, a paradigm form of blame is identified—‘Communicative Blame’—where this is understood as a candidate for an explanatorily basic form of blame. Second, its point and purpose in our lives is investigated and found to reside in its power to increase the alignment of the blamer and the wrongdoer's moral understandings. Third, the hypothesis that Communicative Blame is an explanatorily basic form of blame is tested out by seeing how far other kinds of blame can reasonably be understood as derivative, especially in respect of blame's point and purpose. Finally, a new and quasi‐political worry about blame is raised. 相似文献
274.
Rylan Egan Denise Stockley Chi Yan Lam Laura Kinderman Alexandra S. Youmans 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2016,14(3):191-197
The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS) was first developed to establish a standard of practice in research ethics by the three federal agencies responsible for funding institutional research in Canada: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). In 2010, a second edition of the policy, known as the TCPS 2, was released with updated information and expanded coverage of research ethics issues. According to the TCPS 2, the Agencies’ mandate is “to promote research that is conducted according to the highest ethical standards,” and the TCPS 2 serves as a benchmark for this with respect for human dignity as its underlying value. Research institutions receiving Agency funding are to comply with this policy statement by forming Research Ethics Boards (REBs) to review all research involving human participants. The intention behind this review requirement is to provide a proportionate assessment of the benefit-to-risk ratio of the research, and in that process, to safeguard “respect for persons”, express a “concern for welfare”, and uphold “justice” (CIHR, SSHRC, NSERC 2010, p. 8). Research may not proceed until ethics approval is granted by an institution’s REB. The current study evaluates REB members’ perspectives on their knowledge of research ethics, and juxtaposes these perceptions with those of researchers. Specifically, we are interested in the extent to which REB members with less experience read the TCPS 2, and whether those with less experience have decreased confidence in their ethics knowledge. 相似文献
275.
Kho KH Duffau H Gatignol P Leijten FS Ramsey NF van Rijen PC Rutten GJ 《Brain and language》2007,101(1):31-37
We present two bilingual patients without language disorders in whom involuntary language switching was induced. The first patient switched from Dutch to English during a left-sided amobarbital (Wada) test. Functional magnetic resonance imaging yielded a predominantly left-sided language distribution similar for both languages. The second patient switched from French to Chinese during intraoperative electrocortical stimulation of the left inferior frontal gyrus. We conclude that the observed language switching in both cases was not likely the result of a selective inhibition of one language, but the result of a temporary disruption of brain areas that are involved in language switching. These data complement the few lesion studies on (involuntary or unintentional) language switching, and add to the functional neuroimaging studies of switching, monitoring, and controlling the language in use. 相似文献
276.
Rosemary S. L. Mills Wendy S. Freeman Ian P. Clara Frank J. Elgar Bobbi R. Walling Leanne Mak 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):359-374
We examined the link between parent proneness to shame and two forms of psychological control, overprotection and critical/rejecting
behavior, in parents of preschoolers. Because shame is self-condemning, proneness to shame affects intrapersonal and interpersonal
functioning. We hypothesized that parents’ emotion-regulatory responses to shame would increase the likelihood of psychological
control: anxiety by leading to overprotection mediated by a worrisome approach to the child, and anger/hostility by leading
to critical/rejecting parenting mediated by negative reactivity to the child. Participants were 198 mother-father pairs with
a child 3.6 to 4.5 years of age. Overprotective and critical/rejecting parenting were assessed using both self and spouse
reports of parenting practices. In addition, parents completed measures of proneness to shame, worrisome overconcern about
the child, and negative reactivity to the child. Structural equation modeling yielded results that supported mediation by
negative approach to the child for mothers’ and fathers’ critical/rejecting behavior. For fathers but not mothers, shame was
indirectly associated with overprotective parenting through worrisome approach to the child. Parents’ proneness to shame may
be an important factor leading to the use of psychological control. 相似文献
277.
Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic activity is involved in the acquisition of conditioned odor aversion in the rat 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Conditioned odor aversion (COA) is the avoidance of an odorized-tasteless solution (the conditioned stimulus, CS), the ingestion of which precedes toxicosis. Previous works have shown that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in the acquisition, and more precisely, the control of the CS memory trace, of COA. Since catecholamine depletion of the amygdala induced a deficit in the potentiated version of COA, this study investigated the role of the adrenergic system in the BLA during COA. Male Wistar rats bilaterally implanted with cannulae aimed at the BLA were microinjected with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (1 microg/0.2 microl) during the acquisition (5 min before the CS presentation, pre-CS, or immediately after, post-CS) or during the retrieval test (5 min before test, pre-test). Results showed that pre-CS, but neither post-CS nor pre-test, infusions of propranolol impaired COA, suggesting that beta-adrenergic system activity in the BLA is involved in the acquisition but not the expression of COA. Moreover, the fact that pre-CS, but not post-CS, treatment disrupted COA suggests that beta-adrenergic system in the BLA is involved in the initiation but not the maintenance of the CS memory trace during COA acquisition. 相似文献
278.
Ming-Hong Tsai Shu-Cheng Steve Chi Hsiu-Hua Hu 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(2):193-200
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how salespeople’s renqing orientation and self-esteem jointly affect their selling behavior.
Design/Methodology/Approach Data were obtained from a survey of salespeople from 17 pharmaceutical and consumer-goods companies in Taiwan (n = 216).
Findings Salespeople’s renqing orientation (i.e., their propensity to adhere to the accepted norm of reciprocity) compensates the negative effect of self-esteem
on their selling behaviors, such as adaptive selling and hard work.
Implications Our study results underscore the critical role of the character trait of renqing orientation in a culture emphasizing a norm of reciprocity. Therefore, it would be useful to consider a strategy of recruiting
salespeople with either a high self-esteem or a combination of high renqing orientation and low self-esteem.
Originality/Value The existing literature of industrial/organizational psychology and marketing primarily relies on constructs that are derived
from Western cultural contexts. However, the present paper extended these literatures by investigating the possible joint
effects of self-esteem with a trait originated from the Chinese culture on salespeople’s selling behaviors. 相似文献
279.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between perceived coworker loafing and counterproductive work behaviors
toward the organization (CWB-O) and toward the coworkers (CWB-I).
Design/Methodology/Approach Data were collected from 184 supervisor–employee pairs from multiple sources (i.e., self-rated and supervisor-rated). Structural
equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses.
Findings The results of SEM showed that perceived loafing was positively related to CWB-O (self-rated) and CWB-I (self-rated and supervisor-rated).
Moreover, a revenge motive toward the organization fully mediated the relationship between perceived loafing and CWB-O, whereas
a revenge motive toward coworkers fully mediated the relationship between perceived loafing and CWB-I.
Implications This study advances our understanding as to how and why perceived coworker loafing increases employees’ CWB-I and CWB-O. Our investigation also highlights the important cognitive
mediator: revenge motive in the perceived loafing–CWB linkage.
Originality/Value This is one of the first studies which examines the relationships between perceived coworker loafing and two facets of CWB,
and investigates a cognitive mediator (i.e., a revenge motive) that underlines the perceived loafing–CWB linkage. In addition,
we respond to Bennett and Robinson’s (J Appl Psychol 85:349–360, 2003) call to test the nomological network of CWB in a collectivist
culture (i.e., Taiwan).
相似文献
Wan-Lin Lu |
280.
Assistant Professor Hsin‐Hua Hsiung Wei‐Chi Tsai 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2009,82(1):89-112
This study proposed that leader–member exchange (LMX) might encourage an employee to define job breadth close to or beyond the level of his/her supervisor's expectation (enlargement effect), while simultaneously fostering a reduction in supervisor–subordinate definition discrepancy on job content (congruence effect). Using data from 184 subordinate–supervisor dyads in Taiwan, we examined the relationships among LMX, job definition discrepancy, in‐role/extra‐role behaviour, and performance rating. Results showed that LMX was positively related to employee relative job breadth and the supervisor–subordinate congruence on job content, supporting the existence of enlargement effect and congruence effect. Additionally, employee relative job breadth was positively related to extra‐role behaviour and the congruence on job content was positively related to in‐role behaviour. However, neither in‐role nor extra‐role behaviour was related to performance rating. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献