共情的认知神经研究回顾

共情是指个体对他人情绪和想法的感受及理解,它在人类个体和社会的发展中起到了重要作用。近年来,脑成像技术为研究共情的神经基础提供了有力的技术支持,发现了共情的关键功能脑区。基础与临床的实验证据表明,更好地理解共情的神经机制对于孤独症、反社会人格等精神障碍有重要的意义。该文对相关的研究进行了综述并对未来可能的研究方向提出了展望     

中国青少年心理健康素质·动力系统研究

选取44063名青少年为调查对象,采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·动力系统分量表》考察我国青少年动力系统的发展特点。结果表明：（1）从整体上看,我国青少年的动力系统发展状况良好;（2）我国青少年的动力系统年级变化趋势表现出小学五年级得分较高,初一年级略有上升,初二年级有所下降,之后起伏波动,高三年级得分最低,但从高三年级到大学阶段迅速上升,大学阶段得分最高;（3）我国青少年在动力系统各维度上均存在显著年级差异,但在各维度上呈现出不同的年级变化趋势。     

汉语隐喻的语言形式特征及其对隐喻机器理解研究的影响

语言学界对隐喻的研究集中于从概念层面对隐喻进行认知分析,而淡化了对语言表达层面隐喻的典型特征做形式化的概括。然而,概念层面的隐喻却必须通过语言形式层面的隐喻表达来加以体现,隐喻的语言形式对隐喻的理解也具有极其重要的意义。特别是,当隐喻作为一种思维现象被纳入机器理解的研究范畴之后,隐喻的计算机制研究也开始要求高度地形式化隐喻的语言表达。鉴于此,本文面向隐喻机器理解,采用语料统计分析的方法,从大量实际隐喻语料出发,总结汉语隐喻的语言形式的复杂性特征:语言隐喻主要成分取值的不确定性、语言隐喻各成分出现与否的不确定性、隐喻嵌套和递进复用现象的普遍性,进而指出面向计算的隐喻研究困境以及出路。     

面向隐喻计算的语料库研究和建设

汉语隐喻计算化研究是中文自然语言处理领域的一个前沿课题,然而研究所需要的隐喻语料资源却极其有限,对隐喻计算研究的发展形成了一定的对影响。本文主要研究了面向隐喻计算的语料库的设计和构建方法,并设计构建了一个具有一万句规模62万字的汉语隐喻标注句库以及一个面向隐喻识别的汉语常用动词搭配库。这些资源的构建建立在对隐喻现象的深入分析基础之上,是隐喻计算模型研究的基础性资源,对汉语隐喻的认知计算有着积极意义。     

类别注意控制定势在注意捕获中的加工机制

注意捕获是指注意定向的过程中刺激不自觉地捕获注意的现象。在复杂的视觉搜索任务中,类别注意控制定势(cACS)能够帮助我们将注意引导到与目标定义类别匹配的刺激上,并对其进行优先加工。探讨cACS在注意捕获中的加工机制,不仅能够扩展注意捕获领域的理论研究,还能对实际生活提供指导。通过文献梳理,从cACS的作用阶段、cACS的加工强度及cACS作用时的激活脑区三个方面总结了注意捕获中的cACS的加工机制。未来研究可以就抑制分心物的ACS、不同类型的cACS加工差异和人工类别ACS加工过程等进行探讨。     

Local News Media Cultivation of Host Receptivity in Plainstown

This message‐system and cultivation analysis investigated the influence of local news on the host receptivity of native‐born “Plainstown” residents toward immigrants. The message‐system analysis revealed that regional television and newspaper immigration coverage was more pessimistic, while local newspaper immigration coverage was more optimistic. A cultivation analysis confirmed that attention to pessimistic coverage interacted with conversations about immigration to reduce host receptivity. This research contributes to the study of cross‐cultural adaptation by constructing and validating a measure of Y. Y. Kim's (2001) concept of host receptivity. By demonstrating that second‐order cultivation is the product of on‐line cognitive processes, this research provided additional validation of Shrum's (2004) online model of second‐order cultivation. Findings suggest that optimistic immigration news frames may facilitate host receptivity.     

Neuroanatomical correlates of implicit and explicit memory for structurally possible and impossible visual objects

Implicit memory refers to nonconscious retrieval of past experience demonstrated by facilitation in test performance on tasks that do not require intentional recollection of previous experiences. Explicit memory, in contrast, refers to the conscious retrieval of prior information, as demonstrated during standard recall and recognition tasks. In this experiment, positron emission tomographic (PET) measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), a marker of local neuronal activity, were used to identify and contrast brain regions that participate in the perception, implicit memory, and explicit memory for structurally possible and impossible visual objects. Ten CBF images were acquired in 16 normal women as they made possible/impossible and old/new recognition decisions about previously studied (old) and nonstudied (new) structurally possible and impossible objects. As reported previously, object decisions for familiar possible objects were associated with increased CBF in the vicinity of the left inferior temporal and fusiform gyri and recognition memory for familiar possible objects was associated with increased CBF in the vicinity of the right hippocampus. In this report, we provide more extensive analyses of the roles of the inferior temporal cortex, the hippocampus, the parahippocampus, and the pulvinar in encoding and retrieval operations. Additionally, patterns of CBF increases and decreases provide information regarding the neural structures involved in implicit and explicit memory.     

The Effect of Message Persistence and Disclosure on Liking in Computer-Mediated Communication

In computer-mediated communication (CMC) systems, the messages that a user types usually persist on the screen for some time, a feature that distinguishes CMC from face-to-face interaction. Persistence may activate psychological self-perception, leading communicators to infer from their persistent messaging how they feel about the subject more so than if messages did not persist. This study applies persistence and self-perception to the relationships between self-disclosure and liking. It identifies which among several disclosure or liking relationships may be most susceptible to self-perception effects. An experiment found that message persistence interacts with a conversational partner’s responses to self-disclosure and intensifies liking toward the partner. Suggestions follow for future research further exploring the mechanisms of persistence, and reconceptualizing self-perception factors in interactive media settings.     

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 5-HT6 receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a very important role in decision-related and anxiety-related information processing. It has enriched 5-HT6 receptors; however, the precise role of dmPFC 5-HT6 receptors in anxiety remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we injected dmPFC with the 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD 386088 and antagonist SB 271046 using stereotactic technology. 5-HT6 receptor activation in mice increased time spent in the center area on the open-field test, increased exploration of the open arms on the elevated plus maze test, and increased ratio on the social interaction test. 5-HT6 receptor inactivation induced the opposite effects. In brain slices, EMD 386088 decreased both spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC), while SB 271046 only increased sEPSC. These effects of EMD 386088 and SB 271046 could be reversed by the GABA_A receptor antagonist bicuculline (BMI) and positive allosteric modulator clonazepam (CLZ), respectively. Our results suggest that neurotransmission in the dmPFC by 5-HT6 receptor activation and inhibition may play an important role in anxiety-like behavior, and may provide new insight into the pathological mechanism and potential target of anxiety disorders.