数字加工的认知神经基础

数学作为人类最重要的发明,越来越引起认知神经科学家的重视与关注,究竟什么才是人类数学知识的脑基础？脑成像的研究已经证实了一个参与数学运算加工的神经网络,包括顶叶皮质、侧前额叶皮质、内前额叶皮质、和小脑。实验证明：人脑对于数字具有一种模拟表达,类似于将数量在脑内部作为一种内心的数字线上的点来操作。神经心理学的研究证实数字加工的这种数量表达分布于两半球,其优势区位于下顶叶皮质区。     

主观社会经济地位与心理幸福感的关系：创造力的中介和安全感的调节作用

为探讨主观社会经济地位对心理幸福感的影响,以及创造力的中介作用和安全感的调节作用,采用问卷法调查了556名18～60岁城市成年人的主观社会经济地位、安全感、创造力和心理幸福感。结果发现：(1)主观社会经济地位正向预测心理幸福感;(2)性格优势之创造力是主观社会经济地位与心理幸福感的中介变量;(3)安全感调节了中介过程的前半路径。只有当个体的安全感较高时,主观社会经济地位对创造力才存在显著的正向预测作用。结果表明,提升社会经济地位的同时,还需要提升个体的安全感,这样才能更好地促进创造力的发展,并进一步增加个体的心理幸福感。     

父母教养方式对大学生嫉妒的影响：自尊与生活满意度的链式中介效应

为探讨父母教养方式对大学生嫉妒的影响,以及自尊与生活满意度的中介作用机制,采用简式父母教养方式问卷、自尊量表、生活满意度问卷和大学生嫉妒问卷调查了438名在校大学生。结果发现：（1）父母拒绝可显著正向预测嫉妒,并间接通过自尊的单独中介作用、自尊与生活满意度的链式中介作用正向预测嫉妒。（2）父母情感温暖间接通过生活满意度的单独中介作用、自尊与生活满意度的链式中介作用负向预测嫉妒。（3）父母过度保护可显著正向预测嫉妒（直接、总间接）,但自尊、生活满意度的单独、链式中介作用均不显著。     

传承动机对金融冒险行为的影响:未来自我连续性的中介

人们普遍拥有“期待不朽、被人铭记”的传承动机, 文章通过4个实验探讨了该动机如何通过未来自我连续性的影响作用于个体的金融冒险行为。实验1发现传承动机能够提升个体对未来自我的连续性感知。实验2在此基础上发现传承动机会弱化个体金融冒险行为(2a), 并且该效应被自我连续性感知中介(2b)。实验3进一步考察个体社会经济地位对上述中介效应的调节, 结果发现上述中介效应只出现在社会经济地位相对较高(vs.较低)的个体身上。     

论道德惩罚及其目的

道德惩罚作为一种非强制性的制裁手段对于规约和范导道德行为体的行为有着重要的作用。道德惩罚通过公共舆论、传统习俗、内心信念和道德良心等对违背道德法则的行为或坏的道德品质予以谴责,对社会道德风尚产生不良影响的行为体的道德权利予以限制和剥夺,从而促使该道德行为体实现由恶向善的转化,达到维护道德良知的、重申道德秩序的目的。     

浅谈五岳的文化整体性

五岳是中国五大名山的总称,历史十分悠久。五岳是中国古代正统疆域的代名词,在中国传统文化中居于十分重要的地位。五岳是一个文化的统一体,应该进入世界遗产名录,向世界传播中国文化。     

宗教为何能长期存在？

一宗教长期存在是无需争论的事实。宗教长期存在是从宗教的总体而言,单个宗教存在的期限则是长短不一。由于各个宗教都具有排他性,现代的世界性各大宗教,在它们占据的地区,有的宗教由于     

The Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Scientific and Artistic Creativity among Middle School Students

The present study tested the effects of extrinsic motivation on scientific and artistic creativity among Chinese middle school students. In Study 1, a between-groups design was applied to examine the effects of expected rewards on scientific and artistic creativity among 123 students, and in Study 2 the same design was applied to examine the effects of expected evaluation from different raters on scientific and artistic creativity among 120 students. We also considered the effects of grade and gender in both studies. The results of Study 1 indicated that expected material reward had significant negative effects on scientific creativity for 7th graders, while expected social reward had significant positive effects on scientific creativity for 8th graders, and both expected material and social rewards had significant positive effects on artistic creativity. The results of Study 2 indicated that expected evaluation from teachers and classmates had significant negative effects on scientific creativity and significant positive effects on artistic creativity. These results suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the effects of extrinsic motivation and creativity, Factors such as culture, type of extrinsic motivation, grade, and domains of creativity must be fully considered when cultivating adolescents’ creativity.     

Proactive yet reflective? Materializing proactive personality into creativity through job reflective learning and activated positive affective states

Studies linking proactive personality to creativity have primarily taken a future-oriented perspective, describing a process where individuals assess future opportunities and risks of creative endeavors. Complementing this approach, we draw on an attribution theory perspective to delineate how proactive personality relates to employee creativity through the serial mediating effects of job reflective learning—a backward-looking cognitive process—and activated positive affective states. Job reflective learning captures backward-looking self-assessments and the underlying internal causal attributions, and it is differentiated into two valences: job reflective learning from successes and from failures. Based on two separate multi-wave, multi-source field studies, our findings consistently show a serial mediation process linking proactive personality to creativity through both valences of job reflective learning and activated positive affective states. Job reflective learning from successes breeds joviality, whereas job reflective learning from failures arouses attentiveness. Joviality and attentiveness—both types of activated positive affective states—in turn promote creativity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of how proactive employees manifest their proactivity trait into actual creativity through backward-looking cognitive and affective processes.