眼睛注视是独特的吗?——来自发展的证据

采用改编的Posner视空间线索化任务,考查6~9岁儿童对眼睛注视、手指指向、箭头指向和代向汉字4种中央线索的注意定向。结果发现,6岁儿童已经能对眼睛注视线索进行注意定向,并随着年龄增长而改善。7岁组和8岁组儿童注意定向的成绩显著改善,7岁可能是儿童对中央线索注意定向发展的特定阶段。而对手指指向和箭头的注意定向,只有8岁和9岁儿童表现出来。对代向汉字线索的注意定向,8岁时开始出现,9岁时表现出显著的提高。结果提示,眼睛注视线索可能是一种独特的视觉线索,有别于其他中央线索引发的注意定向的发展。     

中国老年人身体自我问卷编制及特点初探

该研究以293名年龄在60-97岁老人为研究对象,通过开放式问卷和探索性因素分析得到老年人的身体自我量表,包含六个因素:运动特征、相貌特征、功能特征、身材特征,性特征,行为特征。检验了量表内部一致性系数和严格平行模型的信度系数及两个效标,发现该量表具有较好的信度和效度。对老年人身体自我特征分析表明,研究中,老年人在总体上对身体较满意,且不存在性别、年龄和体型指数的差异。但在身材特征上,存在性别和年龄的交互作用,性别和体形指数的交互作用,性别、年龄和体形指数三者的交互作用。其它五个维度均不存在性别、年龄和体形指数的差异。     

马克思论宗教（二）

三、宗教与资本主义生产方式马克思在十九世纪四十年代形成了历史唯物主义和无神论的宗教观后,主要从事于经济问题的研究。在其经济学的著作中,马克思对宗教与资本主义生产方式也做出了深刻的论述。     

新闻道德缺失的诱因分析

在信息化时代和政治民主化的进程中,媒体作为与国家的行政、立法、司法并列的"第四种权力",对社会成员思想和行为的影响力,已成为不争的事实,由之也凸显出对新闻道德缺失诱因分析的重要性.新闻道德的缺失有六大诱因:新闻媒体生存的经济价值与社会功能的思想价值的矛盾性、媒体的自由性与责任性的制度缺位、人性的低俗性与新闻媒体的媚俗性、新闻媒体利益寻租的便档、新闻的时效性与真实性的矛盾以及新闻媒体的舆论监督与平衡性的矛盾.     

由《366天诞生星》说到模特的“洋属相”——是普及科学知识，还是宣扬星座迷信

同古代神话故事密不可分的西方占星术,正是适应众生对神秘星空和神话世界的诸多遐想以及对改变自身处境的渴望,比天文知识更广地流传开来。这种方术是把位于太阳黄道上的12个星座与人的生辰乃至性格和命运拉扯在一起,由之推测未来的“运势”会是如何如何。西方占星术士们玩的这一套,乍看起来有些类似中国古代星象家说的     

Attitudes toward computers: a new attitudinal dimension.

The present study examined the reliability and the construct validity of a questionnaire designed to measure the attitudes toward computers in everyday life. A total of 2,050 participants responded to the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that attitudes toward computers are composed of three dimensions: sense of benefit, sense of dependence, and sense of harm.     

Chinese Internet addiction inventory: developing a measure of problematic Internet use for Chinese college students.

The current study developed a psychometrically sound multidimensional measure of Internet addiction: the Chinese Internet Addiction Inventory (CIAI). Data were collected from 1,029 Chinese undergraduate students from 14 universities and colleges. The initial sample was split randomly into two samples (N1=516; N2=513). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted on the two samples respectively. Findings from the EFA suggest that this measure assesses three dimensions of Internet addiction: conflicts, mood modification, and dependence. Items in each dimension showed high internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability. Findings from the CFA further confirmed the three-factor measurement structure of CIAI. Test of criterion-related validity also showed good abilities for all three CIAI subscales to discriminate between an Internet addictive group and non-Internet addictive group. The theoretical and clinical implications of CIAI and its limitations are discussed.     

What is in a word? No versus Yes differentially engage the lateral orbitofrontal cortex

The words "No" and "Yes" are involved in conditioning to prohibit or encourage behavior, respectively. The authors, therefore, hypothesized that these words would be attributed to endogenous valence, activating neuronal circuits involved with valence and emotional control. Functional MRI (fMRI) at 4 Tesla was used to record regional brain activity while participants were exposed to emphatic vocalizations of the words. Results showed that No and Yes were associated with opposite brain-behavior responses; while No was negatively valenced, produced slower response times, and evoked a negative signal in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), Yes was positively valenced, produced faster response times, and evoked a positive signal in a contiguous region of the OFC. Attribution of negative valence to No and trait anger control were associated with increased responsivity of the OFC to No. Inasmuch as sensitivity to the prohibitive command No develops during childhood through interaction with primary caregivers as the first social objects, our findings may implicate the lateral OFC in the neurobiology of emotion regulation and subsequent social development.     

调节性匹配理论述评

在决策、动机领域,Higgins（2000）提出了一种新的理论——调节性匹配理论。所谓调节性匹配（regulatoryfit）,指的是个体的自我调节定向与其行为策略之间的匹配。该理论认为,调节性匹配能增强个体在目标追求过程中的动机强度、主观评价和情绪体验,从而对个体的行为决策产生重要影响。文章围绕调节性匹配的概念、产生、效应及应用价值等问题对相关研究进行综述,并在此基础上提出了现有研究存在的问题及未来的研究方向     

自尊与自我效能关系的辨析

作为自我结构中的核心成分,自尊与自我效能既相互关联又彼此区分。从概念上看,自尊是“做人”的自我评价,自我效能是“做事”的自我评价。从测量上看,自尊注重测量整体结构,自我效能强调测量领域关联的特殊结构。从功能上看,自尊旨在调节消极性评价反馈和终极性心理健康,自我效能则具有动力性功能。从影响因素上看,自尊决定于早期的成长经历以及后来的补偿性经验;而自我效能决定于个人近期直接或间接的成败经验和个人身心状态等因素