Exploring the inhibitory effect of maximising mindset on impulse buying

Although impulse buying could temporarily increase sales, it is essential to explore how to curb impulse buying because impulse buying leads to negative consequences for both consumers and enterprises in the long run. Previous research investigated the negative correlation between impulse buying and situational factors or personal traits. However, these factors were complicated for marketers or consumers to manipulate, so the research gap was that a lack of research focused on how to curb impulse buying through external intervention. This study aimed to find an effective external intervention to curb impulse buying and thus fill the blanket. This study introduced maximising mindset, a mindset that could be manipulated externally and used effectively by consumers and marketers to curb impulse buying. Data were collected online from 1106 participants in China through the research platform Sojump. The results demonstrated that maximising mindset negatively correlated with impulse buying, and future-oriented thinking played a role as a mediator. This study contained theoretical for future research on impulse buying and practical value in helping consumers achieve better decisions and helping companies achieve long-term growth.     

Interrelations of empathy,cognition, and moral reasoning with dimensions of juvenile delinquency

The interrelations of a variety of indices of sociocognitive development (empathy, role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning) were studied in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents. Delinquent males (grouped into psychopathic, neurotic, and subcultural subgroups) and a matched nondelinquent comparison group were administered individually two empathy scales (the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Mehrabian and Epstein Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy), an adaptation of Byrne's and Flavell's role-taking tasks, two Piagetian cognitive tasks, and two of Kohlberg's structured moral dilemmas. Delinquents as a group displayed significantly more immature modes of role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning than did nondelinquents. The delinquent subgroups, however, did not significantly differ from one another on these dimensions. Role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning were significantly related to one another. Anticipated differences in level of empathy between the delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents failed to occur. A number of interpretations for this unexpected finding are offered.This study is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Texas at Austin (Lee, 1983) and presented in part at the meetings of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, April 1985, and the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development, Tours, France, July 1985. Appreciation is expressed to James Bieri, Edward T. Emmer, Guy J. Manaster, Philip M. Powell, and Robert K. Young for constructive suggestions at various phases of the study.Delinquents were drawn from the Brownwood (Texas) State School through the cordial collaboration of Adrian Moore, Director of Planning, Research, and Evaluation of the Texas Youth Commission. The support of Cary Cockerell, superintendent at the Brownwood State School, and Dann Barger, superintendent at the Statewide Reception Center, and their staff was also instrumental in securing delinquents. Nondelinquents were obtained through the cooperation of Jack Allison, principal of the Travis High School, Austin, Texas, and his staff. Freda M. Holley, Director of the Office of Research and Evaluation, Austin Independent School District, and her staff are thanked for their assistance in obtaining these subjects.The contributions of Danny Escobar and of Ping-Fong Chu in scoring protocols is gratefully acknowledged.     

Social isolation inhibits male-like sexual behavior in female hamsters

In the female golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, group housing permits the expression of male-like behavioral patterns including mounting and pelvic thrusting toward an estrous stimulus female. Sixty percent of females housed in groups of five showed these behaviors, while singly housed females were rarely observed to show mounting or thrusting. Females weaned at 19 or 35 days of age did not differ in their tendencies to show male-like behavioral patterns. Virtually all observations of mounting and pelvic thrusting behaviors were made on days when the females being tested were in behavioral estrus. These findings differ from previous studies which have reported that masculine behavioral patterns are rare in normal female hamsters. In previous studies females that were evaluated were typically not in behavioral estrus and were not housed for long periods of time with other intact females. Social factors interact with hormonal state to contribute to the expression of male-like behaviors in female hamsters.     

汉字分解组合的表象操作与汉字字形学习的关系

该研究的目的,在于探讨影响汉字字形学习效果的主要汉字形体因素和心理因素以及两者之间的关系。实验结果表明:(1)汉字分解组合的视觉表象操作速度和准确性与汉字字形学习水平具有密切关系,学习水平优良者明显优于低水平者,且上、中、下三个学习水平组别之间具有显著性差别;(2)并非任何汉字字形学习水平的不同都可以造成相应表象操作速度方面的显著性差别,只有当其前者达到一个相当程度的差异状况时才会如此;(3)不同汉字字形学习水平者在汉字分解组合的表象操作错误类型方面不尽相同:低学习水平者以顺序错误为主,中、上学习水平者则以部首替换错误较多。对此,应当注重培养学习者汉字视觉表象的操作能力,从而改善汉字教学和学习效果。     

Correlates of Regimen Adherence in Cystic Fibrosis

The present investigation studied psychological and familial factors associated with self-care adherence in a sample of 50 children (ages 9 to 17 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF). Children and their parents were recruited through an outpatient pediatric pulmonary medicine clinic at a metropolitan children's hospital. Participants were interviewed and administered measures of family behavior and child psychological variables. Regimen adherence was measured using a telephone interview approach across three occasions per participant. Hierarchical multiple regression with age, perceived family behaviors, health locus of control, and self-competency as predictors, accounted for 53.8% of the variance in regimen adherence. Findings suggest that higher self-esteem and younger age are related to higher rates of regimen adherence among children with CF.     

基于干扰物特征的统计规则对注意抑制效应的影响

采用经典的额外单例范式的变式, 通过操纵基于干扰物颜色的统计规则, 考察其对注意抑制效应的影响。结果发现：(1)当迫使被试采取特征探测策略时, 与无颜色独子的条件相比, 被试在所有呈现独子的条件中反应都显著较快; (2)与呈现低概率颜色独子条件相比, 呈现高概率颜色独子条件下被试的反应显著较快。研究表明, 统计规则对注意的影响不局限于刺激位置, 基于干扰物特征的统计规则也会影响注意抑制效应的大小。     

An item response tree model with not-all-distinct end nodes for non-response modelling

The non-response model in Knott et al. (1991, Statistician, 40, 217) can be represented as a tree model with one branch for response/non-response and another branch for correct/incorrect response, and each branch probability is characterized by an item response theory model. In the model, it is assumed that there is only one source of non-responses. However, in questionnaires or educational tests, non-responses might come from different sources, such as test speededness, inability to answer, lack of motivation, and sensitive questions. To better accommodate such more realistic underlying mechanisms, we propose a a tree model with four end nodes, not all distinct, for non-response modelling. The Laplace-approximated maximum likelihood estimation for the proposed model is suggested. The validation of the proposed estimation procedure and the advantage of the proposed model over traditional methods are demonstrated in simulations. For illustration, the methodologies are applied to data from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The analysis shows that the proposed tree model has a better fit to PISA data than other existing models, providing a useful tool to distinguish the sources of non-responses.     

Unwinding Modal Paradoxes on Digraphs

Journal of Philosophical Logic - The unwinding that Cook (J. Symbol. Log. 69(3), 767–774 2004) proposed is a simple but powerful method of generating new paradoxes from known ones. This paper...     

Egocentric Distance Perception Disorder in Amblyopia

Egocentric distance perception is a psychological process in which observers use various depth cues to estimate the distance between a target and themselves. The impairment of basic visual function and treatment of amblyopia have been well documented. However, the disorder of egocentric distance perception of amblyopes is poorly understood. In this review, we describe the cognitive mechanism of egocentric distance perception, and then, we focus on empirical evidence for disorders in egocentric distance perception for amblyopes in the whole visual space. In the personal space (within 2 m), it is difficult for amblyopes to show normal hand-eye coordination; in the action space (within 2 m~30 m), amblyopes cannot accurately judge the distance of a target suspended in the air. Few studies have focused on the performance of amblyopes in the vista space (more than 30 m). Finally, five critical topics for future research are discussed: 1) it is necessary to systematically explore the mechanism of egocentric distance perception in all three spaces; 2) the laws of egocentric distance perception in moving objects for amblyopes should be explored; and 3) the comparison of three subtypes of amblyopia is still insufficient; 4) study the perception of distance under another theoretical framework; 5) explore the mechanisms of amblyopia by Virtual Reality.     

What is in your hand influences your purchase intention: Effect of motor fluency on motor simulation

With the development of the advertisement industry, consumers are surrounded by increasing numbers of different types of visual stimuli (e.g., images on billboards, websites, and newspapers or videos on TV and social media). The present research aims to explore the effect of the connection between visual stimuli and objects in consumers’ hands on purchase intention based on motor simulation theory and motor fluency. The results of two studies demonstrate that when right-handed consumers review an image of food with tableware on the right (vs. left) side, they will have higher purchase intention for the food, while the effect reverses when their right hand is under high motor resource load. In addition, when right-handed consumers review an image of food with tableware on the right side and have nothing (vs. an object) in their right hand, they will have higher purchase intention for the food. However, if the image does not include tableware, placing tableware (vs. nothing or other objects) in the right hand of the consumers will induce higher purchase intention for the food. Our findings not only contribute to the literature on motor simulation, motor fluency, and motor resources but also provide valid insights for managerial applications.