工作记忆子成分在听觉障碍儿童心算过程中的作用

采用2×2×3的混合实验设计,比较听力正常儿童和听觉障碍儿童在心算作业上的差异,考察了工作记忆子成分在听觉障碍儿童心算过程中的作用。结果表明,与听力正常儿童相比,听觉障碍儿童在高存储负载水平下的心算成绩显著降低,说明语音回路负责心算过程中的存储成分;而且听觉障碍儿童在对中央执行能力有高需求的实验条件下的作业水平并不比正常听力儿童差,说明他们的中央执行能力并没有受到损失。     

人格特质在人机界面交互研究之应用

人机交互(Human-Computer Interaction,HCI)领域一向和心理学有着密不可分的联系。举凡界面的设计、对使用者的研究、使用偏好和使用绩效(效果)等,都需要应用心理学的理论基础。以往人机界面交互领域多着重于认知方面的研究,但近年来人们渐渐发现,人格特质在人机界面交互上也扮演了举足轻重的角色。本文首先简短介绍其崛起的背景,再回顾从1995年起至2004年中的质化量化研究。最后,归纳出三点未来的研究方向。     

The tune in-and-out model: A random walk and its application to a presidential election survey

The stochastic model for the evolution of preferences proposed by Falmagne, Regenwetter, and Grofman [1997. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41, 129-143] and tested by Regenwetter, Falmagne, and Grofman [1999. Psychological Review, 106, 362-384], as well as the alternative Thurstonian model of Böckenholt [Falmagne, J.-C., Regenwetter, M., & Grofman, B. (1997). A stochastic model for the evolution of preferences. In A. A. J. Marley (Ed.), Choice, decision and measurement: Essays in honor of R. Duncan Luce (pp. 113-131). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.], gave a good statistical account of attitudinal panel data from the 1992 US presidential election. We show, however, that both models have the defect of underestimating the number of respondents who did not change their order of preference for the candidates across different polls. We present a generalization of Falmagne et al.'s model based on the idea that some individuals may become momentarily impervious to all matters related to the campaign and ‘tune out.’ This behavior could be triggered by some personal reason or by some external event related to the campaign. Like the original model, the resulting model is a random walk, but on an augmented set of states. A respondent in a ‘live’ state behaves as in the previous model, except when receiving a ‘tune-out’ token, which effectively freezes the respondent's preference state until it is reversed by a ‘tune-in’ token. We describe and successfully test the new model on the same 1992 National Election Study panel data as those used by Böckenholt (2002) and Regenwetter et al. (1999).     

句法歧义句理解加工中的语义关联性效应研究

通过实验探讨了汉语直接宾语(DO)/宾语小句(SC)类暂时句法歧义句理解加工中的语义关联性效应。实验采用自定速动窗技术。实验1发现在汉语暂时句法歧义句理解加工中存在语义关联性效应。实验2发现语义关联性与句法歧义性因素在解歧区产生了显著的交互作用。结果表明,语义关联性因素显著影响对句子的理解加工,并且与句法歧义因素共同作用于句子的理解加工过程。     

道教戒律中的生态伦理思想探析

道教是以"道"为最高信仰的土生土长的中国传统宗教,是中国古代文化遗产的一个有机组成部分,在中国传统文化中占有重要地位.道教以"道"立教,以"道"化人,在"天人合一"思想的指导下,强调人与天地万物的和谐共处,道教在人与自然关系问题上所具有的深邃的生态智慧,在推崇可持续发展的当今时代,在世界范围内得到了学界的广泛认可和高度评价.一些西方生态伦理学家认为,道教思想是建构现代生态伦理的重要的思想资源.在道教的各种戒律中,对于保护动植物、保护生态环境作了多方面的规定,其中包含着深刻的生态伦理思想.重温这些戒律,对于我们今天建设和谐社会,促进人与自然的和谐相处、社会与自然的协调发展,具有重要的启迪和借鉴作用.论文包括四个部分:(一)、关于保护动物的思想;(二)、关于保护植物的思想;(三)、关于保护水土资源的思想;(四)、道教戒律生态伦理思想的现代启示.     

Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading

During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading.     

掩蔽线索引发的注意定向——易化和抑制

采用空间线索化范式,考察了阈下线索引发的外源性注意定向.实验一调控线索和掩蔽呈现时间设置最佳阈下参数;实验二和实验三分别采用检测和辨别任务,考察了多SOA下阈下线索引发的外源性空间注意定向.结果发现,无论在检测任务还是辨别任务中,阈下线索均可引发抑制效应,且完成辨别任务时得到了注意定向的双阶段效应——易化和抑制.这表明,在不需要意识参与下阈下线索可以引导注意,产生易化效应与抑制效应,后者的机制可能与返回抑制相同.     

A threshold theory account of psychometric functions with response confidence under the balance condition

The study of thresholds for discriminability has been of long‐standing interest in psychophysics. While threshold theories embrace the concept of discrete‐state thresholds, signal detection theory discounts such a concept. In this paper we concern ourselves with the concept of thresholds from the discrete‐state modelling viewpoint. In doing so, we find it necessary to clarify some fundamental issues germane to the psychometric function (PF), which is customarily constructed using psychophysical methods with a binary‐response format. We challenge this response format and argue that response confidence also plays an important role in the construction of PFs, and thus should have some impact on threshold estimation. We motivate the discussion by adopting a three‐state threshold theory for response confidence proposed by Krantz (1969, Psychol. Rev., 76, 308–324), which is a modification of Luce's (1963, Psychol. Rev., 70, 61–79) low‐threshold theory. In particular, we discuss the case in which the practice of averaging over order (or position) is enforced in data collection. Finally, we illustrate the fit of the Luce–Krantz model to data from a line‐discrimination task with response confidence.     

Combinations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stit</Emphasis> with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ought</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Know</Emphasis>

This paper presents a short survey of recent developments in stit theories, with an emphasis on combinations of stit and deontic logic, and those of stit and epistemic logic.     

In what sense is the no-no paradox a paradox?

Philosophical Studies - Cook regards Sorenson’s so-called ‘the no-no paradox’ as only a kind of ‘meta-paradox’ or ‘quasi-paradox’ because the symmetry...