The Yin‐Yang‐Wu‐Hsing doctrine in the textual tradition of Tokugawa Japanese Agriculture

Japanese agricultural scholarship reached its peak in the Tokugawa period (1603–1868). Most of its representative works were imbued with the Chinese metaphysical doctrine of yin‐yang‐wu‐hsing. They used the ideas of yin‐yang, wu‐hsing, yun‐ch'i, hexagrams, and feng‐shui extensively to develop their views and to explain various practices. There were two different attitudes towards Chinese concepts among Tokugawa scholars. Some regarded Chinese ideas as universal principles, and faithfully introduced them to Japan, whereas some were faced with the problem of national identity and attempted to accommodate Chinese metaphysical principles to Japanese agriculture. This article examines the adoption of the yin‐yang‐wu‐hsing doctrine in Tokugawa agriculture through a careful and critical textual study of several major Tokugawa writings.     

Effects of Scope of Justice,Informant Ethnicity,and Information Frame on Attitudes towards Ethnicity-based Selection

The study ascertained whether attitudes towards ethnicity-based employment selection would be affected by three variables: scope of justice, information frame, and informant ethnicity. Using a scenario approach, results showed that (1) European New Zealanders with greater scope of justice regarding Maori people were less opposed to an employment practice that involves granting preferential treatment to Maori candidates. (2) The frame of information about ethnicity-based selection (i.e. preferential selection vs. diversity-based selection) and informant ethnicity interacted with scope of justice in exerting a significant influence on respondents' views on ethnicity-based selection. Furthermore, individuals' reactions to moral philosophers' justifications for merit or ethnicity-based selection determined their overall attitudes towards each selection practice.     

On the identification of clinically significant client changes: Reinterpretation of Jacobson's cut scores

Cut points or cut scores play a central role in Jacobson's popular method of identifying clinically significant changes in psychotherapy. When pre- and posttherapy scores of a client are on different sides of one of these cut scores, the change is considered clinically significant, provided that it is also reliable (i.e., not due to measurement errors). This article critically examines the meanings and implications of these cut scores. Contrary to popular beliefs, they are generallynot the test scores for which the probability of belonging to the Functional population is equal to the probability of belonging to the Dysfunctional population. When the Functional population distribution is above that of the Dysfunctional population, persons scoring above these cut scores can, in fact, have much greater probabilities of belonging to the Dysfunctional than to the Functional population. Goals of Jacobson's method can be attained only with Bayesian methods. Bayesian modifications of Jacobson's cut scores are proposed, although their use is limited by the availability of relevant base rates. Bayesian methods (a) can provide information about the probability that an individual belongs to each population, given his (her) score, and (b) are expected to yield total misdiagnosis rates that are many times lower than those of Jacobson's method. Users of Jacobson's method are cautioned against interpreting ratios of likelihoods as if they were ratios of posterior probabilities.     

Shortening of the QT interval of the EKG is associated primarily with increased ventricular contractility rather than heart rate

The objective of this study was to gather direct evidence on whether the duration of the QT interval relates primarily to heart rate or to ventricular contractility. The electrocardiographic and cardiodynamic consequences of electrical stimulation (15 V, 5 ms, 10Hz) of various intrathoracic sympathetic efferent neuronal structures were studied in 10 anesthetized mongrel dogs. Stimulation of efferent sympathetic axons in the right intraganglionic nerve, which innervates the sinoatrial node, induced tachycardia (110±5 - 133±6 bpm; p<0.01) without significantly altering right or left ventricular intramyocardial ventricular chamber pressures. The QT interval, as determined by leads I, II and III of the EKG and a transthoracic lead, was not affected by this intervention (310±8 - 302±ms). Increasing heart rate to a similar degree (111±3 - 131±3 bpm) by right atrial pacing did not induce changes in the QT interval. When right (23±3 - 49±8 mm Hg; p<0.01) and left (81±10 - 127±19 mm Hg; p<0.01) ventricular forces were augmented without concomitant increases in heart rate by stimulating efferent sympathetic axons in the left caudal pole cardiopulmonary nerve the QT interval shortened (322±11 - 290±12 ms; p<0.01). Only when an efferent sympathetic nerve, that contains fibers destined for both the sinoatrial node and the ventricles was stimulated did both heart rate and ventricular contractility augment and QT shorten (318±10 - 290±11 ms; p<0.01). These results indicate that QT interval shortening induced by efferent sympathetic neurons is primarily associated with augmentation of ventricular contractility rather than heart rate.     

曲线两端点距离的触觉辨别

在被动触觉实验中,被试的手保持不动,将各种弦长和弧高的曲线刺激轻轻接触食指腹侧或以一定速度通过其表面,要求被试判定曲线两端点的直线距离,在一根量尺上复现出来。结果发现:(1)当曲线刺激快速通过皮肤表面时,其两端点的知觉距离小于静止和慢速运动条件下的知觉距离,出现时空相互作用;(2)曲线的弧高(曲率)对其两端点的知觉距离有重要影响,弧高大的会导致较小的知觉距离,弧高小的则会导致较大的知觉距离;这种弧高的影响可称作“弧线效应”,其存在不依赖于曲线刺激的运动状态。作者联系两点距离辨别中可能应用的启发式策略来讨论实验结果。     

母性应激对母性行为和心理功能的影响

成为母亲对女性而言是人生经历的特殊阶段, 她们在这个阶段发生的生理和心理的适应性改变对其自身和子代健康具有重要意义。母性应激是阻碍母亲适应性改变顺利进行的重要因素。母性应激会破坏人类母亲和雌性哺乳动物的母性行为、认知功能和情绪调节, 这种影响与糖皮质激素、催产素、催乳素等内分泌系统的调节失常; 母性环路、边缘系统及前额叶皮质等神经环路对刺激的神经反应改变以及神经发生、树突和突触重塑的可塑性变化有关。     

句子加工中语义关联性和句法歧义性实验研究

采用自定速移动视窗技术,探讨语义关联性和句法歧义性对汉语直接宾语、宾语小句类暂时句法歧义句理解加工的影响。结果发现：语义关联性和句法歧义性对歧义区和解歧区的阅读时间有显著影响,并在解歧区产生了显著的交互作用,表明语义信息即时参与对句子的理解加工并同句法信息一起共同影响句子的认知加工过程。     

任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响

在 3个实验中探讨了任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响。实验 1选取2 3名本科生被试 ,在把所有刺激都呈现在中央视觉上的颜色辨别任务中 ,发现颜色重复条件下的反应时明显长于非重复条件下的反应时 ,出现了显著的基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且它的量显著大于简单检测任务中基于颜色的重复劣势效应量。实验 2和 3在实验 1的基础上加入空间不确定性 ,分别选取 2 2名和 2 3名本科生被试 ,并要求他们分别完成颜色辨别任务和简单检测任务。结果发现 ,在颜色辨别任务中 ,既获得了基于空间的返回抑制 ,又获得了基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且二者之间没有交互作用 ,即它们各自独立地发挥作用 ;而在简单检测任务中 ,只获得了基于空间的返回抑制。 3个实验的结果表明 ,在一种实验情境下出现基于何种刺激特性的重复劣势效应 ,以及其量的大小完全取决于实验中的任务需求。在文章最后还将本研究结果与一种选择性注意领域内普遍抑制模型相结合 ,进行了深入讨论     

贝叶斯推理研究综述

Kahneman 和Tversky在70年代初期发现人们在概率推理中并不遵循数学上的贝叶斯定理,常常由于忽略问题中的基础概率而对稀少事件的条件概率作出夸大的反应。此后心理学家采用文本范式和经验范式对此问题进行了大量的研究,并涌现了一些不同的理论观点,主要有启发法策略论(代表性启发法和可得性启发法)、自然抽样空间假说、频率效应论和抽样加工理论。     

浅论管子经济思想对《歧路灯》的影响

《歧路灯》中所表现出的既重视农业又鼓励工商业发展以及尊重农民与工商业者的经济思想与管子的相关经济思想有着一脉相承的关系。而正是管子经济思想中这种进步的方面,促使李绿园从实际出发,以朴素的唯物主义态度对熏陶自己很深的儒家思想作出了一定的反思,并在一定程度上冲破了它的桎梏,其精神确实是难能可贵的。这说明他的确不是一位腐儒,其思想中存在着某些进步的因子。