Hospitalized psychiatric and medical patients and the clergy

Earlier research suggested that persons in a community with significant psychiatric disorders seek relief from their clergy as often as from trained mental-health professionals. In this research, contacts with clergy about current hospitalization by matched samples of inpatient psychiatric (N=51) and medical/surgical (N=50) patients were compared, as were responses to structured interviews about the importance of religion, religious affiliation, and participation, spiritual needs, and spiritual well-being. The findings suggest that the two groups were similar in demographics, the degree to which religion was a source of strength and comfort in their lives, and percentages reporting as having a clergy person; the group of hospitalized psychiatric patients was significantly less likely, however, than the sample of medical/surgical patients to have discussed their current hospitalization with their clergy persons. Possible causes for this difference as well as areas of further research are discussed.     

Testing mediation effects in cross-classified multilevel data

In this article, we propose an approach to test mediation effects in cross-classified multilevel data in which the initial cause is associated with one crossed factor, the mediator is associated with the other crossed factor, and the outcome is associated with Level-1 units (i.e., the 2^(A)?2^(B)?1 design). Multiple-membership models and cross-classified random effects models are used to estimate the indirect effects. The method is illustrated using real data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (1998). The results from the simulation study show that the proposed method can produce a consistent estimate of the indirect effect and reliable statistical inferences, given an adequate sample size.     

The Associations between Perceived Maternal Psychological Control and Academic Performance and Academic Self-Concept in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs

This study examined the associations between perceived maternal psychological control and adolescent academic functioning in terms of academic performance and academic self-concept. The study also tested the possible mediating role of basic psychological needs to investigate how parental psychological control is related to child academic functioning. A sample of Chinese adolescents (N?=?338) completed a self-administered questionnaire on maternal psychological control, academic self-concept, academic performance and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Structural equation modeling was used for data analyses. Findings of this study revealed that Chinese adolescents’ perceptions of maternal psychological control were associated with their academic self-concept, and furthermore this association was mediated by adolescents’ basic psychological needs satisfaction on autonomy, relatedness and competence. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research directions were discussed.     

应对计划对女大学生减肥效果的影响：情绪调节和理想体型有调节的中介作用

为探讨女大学生减肥行动阶段中应对计划、情绪调节和理想体型对减肥效果的影响,该研究采用问卷法调查了201名女大学生。结果表明:(1)情绪调节在应对计划对减肥效果的影响中起完全中介作用;(2)理想体型调节了情绪调节对减肥效果的影响,在理想体型较瘦的人群中,情绪调节水平越高,就越有利于实现减肥目标;(3)整体模型检验发现,应对计划、情绪调节、理想体型与减肥效果形成一个有调节的中介模型;(4)盲目减肥者与合理减肥者在有调节的中介模型中具有跨组一致性。结论:女大学生无论是否应该减肥,在减肥行动阶段中应对计划都要通过提高情绪调节能力促进减肥效果。理想体型调节了这一过程,较低的理想体型有利于实现减肥目标。     

曹丕的宗教意识与文学观念

曹丕的文学思想是敏感精致的文人情怀的体现,这是与其冷峻强悍的现实政治人格迥异的深层心理,主旋律是黄老道家道教的贵人重生渴望成仙."文气说"将文学与自然感性的生命相联系,是道教贵生的生命观的体现,"文章不朽论"则是对生命短促现实苦痛的诗意超越,希望以艺术的形式实现生命的永恒.     

蒋湘南与伊斯兰哲学

清代著名回族学者蒋湘南不是穆斯林,但是通过将蒋湘南思想的核心观念和伊斯兰教汉文经典(汉塔布)的相关文字作比较,可以看出,伊斯兰哲学对于蒋湘南的思想,有着根本性的影响,是蒋湘南思想建构的基础资源.伊斯兰哲学对中国思想的影响,需要重视.     

Relevance theory,pragmatic inference and cognitive architecture

Relevance Theory (RT) argues that human language comprehension processes tend to maximize “relevance,” and postulates that there is a relevance-based procedure that a hearer follows when trying to understand an utterance. Despite being highly influential, RT has been criticized for its failure to explain how speaker-related information, either the speaker’s abilities or her/his preferences, is incorporated into the hearer’s inferential, pragmatic process. An alternative proposal is that speaker-related information gains prominence due to representation of the speaker within higher level goal-directed schemata. Yet the goal-based account is still unable to explain clearly how cross-domain information, for example linguistic meaning and speaker-related knowledge, is integrated within a modular system. On the basis of RT’s cognitive requirements, together with contemporary cognitive theory, we argue that this integration is realized by utilizing working memory and that there exist conversational constraints with which the constructed utterance interpretation should be consistent. We illustrate our arguments with a computational implementation of the proposed processes within a general cognitive architecture.

Abbreviations: ACT-R Adaptive Control of Thought - RationalCOGENT Cognitive Objects within a Graphical ENvironmenTCS/SS Contention Scheduling/Supervisory SystemRBCP Relevance-Based Comprehension ProcedureRT Relevance Theory     

Does “the servant as leader” translate into Chinese? A cross-cultural meta-analysis of servant leadership

ABSTRACT

Servant leadership is a popular style of ethically-based leadership developed in the cultural context of the United States and other Anglo-Saxon (Anglo) countries with a similar culture and managerial context. However, much of the empirical research on this leadership style has been conducted in China, a country with very different cultural and managerial traditions. It is not known whether the results of research conducted in China can be integrated into a general theory of servant leadership. It is also unknown whether servant leadership, which is widely promoted as an effective leadership style in Anglo countries, will be equally effective for all employee outcomes in China. To answer these questions, we perform a meta-analysis of servant leadership research (k = 112, n = 35,716) which compares the effects of servant leadership on employees in China with its effects on employees in Anglo countries. Results show that there is no significant difference in effect sizes between Chinese and Anglo employees for job performance, organizational citizenship behaviour, creative behaviour, affective commitment, and job satisfaction. The effect of servant leadership on leader-member exchange may be stronger for Anglo employees. Implications for servant leadership theory and managerial practices in China are discussed.