《我为什么是无神论者》一书述评（二）

作者欧黑尔是“让美国人停下脚步，审视他们价值观的无神论者”。本书陈述了她的无神论不但是消极的，否认神、灵魂和天堂地狱等宗教主要元素的真实性，而且是积极的，展示一种非宗教的生活方式，依靠人类自己的力量创造大家共同的幸福生活。她的无神论以唯物主义为哲学基础，认为宗教的世界观是唯心主义的：她为唯物主义者辩诬．表述了唯物主义的基本特征及其优越性。以其主张政教分离的观念鲜明而坚定．曾推动美国最高法院判决在公立学校里限制宗教活动．因此也受到种种诅咒。     

芭特勒对萨特身体观的阅读探析

美国哲学家茱迪恩·芭特勒认为连串理所当然地跟性相关的论述,同时存有化了及固定化了物质性的身体.芭特勒阅读波伏娃的<第二性>,认为这并非就是萨特的<存在与虚无>于女性问题或处境上的应用.波伏娃曾说意识存在于一个人的身体当中,并且在文化的脉胳里,参与形成一个人的性别.芭特勒认为对萨特身体哲学的理解,在很多方面都能提高我们对波伏娃思想的欣赏,并认定她是一个具原创性的思想家.     

Correlations between Dual-Pathway White Matter Alterations and Language Impairment in Patients with Aphasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Neuropsychology Review - While converging evidence suggests linguistic roles of white matter tracts, detailed associations between white matter alterations of dual pathways and language abilities...     

Misconduct and Misbehavior Related to Authorship Disagreements in Collaborative Science

Science and Engineering Ethics - Scientific authorship serves to identify and acknowledge individuals who “contribute significantly” to published research. However, specific authorship...     

Relationship between environmental factors and burnout of psychotherapists: Meta‐analytic approach

The present study aims to extend the scope of understanding on the relationships between environmental factors and burnout symptoms by targeting and including more extensive occupational demanding variables related to therapist burnout. The present study includes not only common occupational stressors (e.g., working hours, role overload and role conflict) but also variables reflecting the quality of relationship with clients (e.g., case load and negative clientele) that have not been dealt with before in meta‐analytic studies. A meta‐analysis was conducted on 27 original studies published from the year 2006 to 2018. The findings showed that, among environmental factors, role overload had the most significant positive correlations with exhaustion. In addition, negative clientele had the most significant positive correlations with depersonalisation and reduced accomplishment. Furthermore, caseload and low income had relatively weak relations with therapist burnout. Based on these results, implications and limitations of the study are discussed.     

Flexible parafoveal encoding of character order supports word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

Several eye-movement studies have revealed flexibility in the parafoveal processing of character-order information in Chinese reading. In particular, studies show that processing a two-character word in a sentence benefits more from parafoveal preview of a nonword created by transposing rather than replacing its two characters. One issue that has not been investigated is whether the contextual predictability of the target word influences this processing of character order information. However, such a finding would provide novel evidence for an early influence of context on lexical processing in Chinese reading. Accordingly, we investigated this issue in an eye-movement experiment using the boundary paradigm and sentences containing two-character target words with high or low contextual predictability. Prior to the reader’s gaze crossing an invisible boundary, each target word was shown normally (i.e. a valid preview) or with its two characters either transposed or replaced by unrelated characters to create invalid nonword previews. These invalid previews reverted to the target word once the reader’s gaze crossed the invisible boundary. The results showed larger preview benefits (i.e. a decrease in fixation times) for target words following transposed-character than substituted-character previews, revealing a transposed-character effect similar to that in previous research. In addition, a word predictability effect (shorter fixation times for words with high than low predictability) was observed following both valid and transposed-character previews, but not substituted-character previews. The findings therefore reveal that context can influence an early stage of lexical processing in Chinese reading during which character order is processed flexibly.

     

从《无神论——绪论》看宗教自由和反无神论观念

《无神论》是美国马丁(MICHAEL MARTIN)教授写的一部名著,副标题《哲学的合理性证明》,1990年出版。书前有一篇颇长的《绪论》,针对一些有神论者的批评,作了扼要的回应,从中可以看出当代西方宗教神学是如何抨击无神论的,以及他对这些抨击所作的逻辑反驳和对无神论的合理性证明。我特别感兴趣的问题,还有作者无意中透露出来的美国的意识形态和宗教自由问题。作者回忆说,他幼年受家庭影响,倾向无神论,但同时知道,无神论在美国民众的心目中是很坏的,因为“他们大多数人都信仰上帝”。记得“三年级的一天,我向一个有同情心的指导顾问透露…     

制止高官参与封建迷信、伪科学活动(二)

高官支持、带头搞伪科学、封建迷信,影响很坏高官们这些做法之所以影响很坏,是由于以下一些因素在起作用。(一)组织性和纪律观念的误用全国解放半个多世纪了。现在我国广大干部都是在党的教育下成长起来的,有的本身就是共产党员,他们都有很强的组织性和纪律观念,一般对上级领导人的批示和指示都不打折扣地贯彻执行。这无疑是对的。但另一方面,党的民主集中制原则规定,个人服从组织,少数服从多数,下级服从上级,全党服从中央;同时还规定,党员“对党的决议和政策如有不同意见,在坚决执行的前提下,可以声明保留,并且可以把自己的意见向党的上级…     

Alcoholism: A conflict of models

Adherents to the traditional model of alcoholism explain alcoholic behavior as a consequence of alcoholism. Alcoholism is identified as an unseen, unmeasured entity inherent in alcoholics. This concept parallels the thinking of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who believed in an unseen, unmeasurable creator behind the physical world. These traditional approaches contrast with the emergent model of alcoholism and twentieth-century scientific thought. Emergent scientific model adherents explain alcoholic behavior without resort to unseen factors. Since the traditional and emergent scientific models begin with different assumptions, model adherents experience communication difficulties. Future developments with determine which model will dominate the field of alcohol studies and treatment.