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71.
This study was designed to examine the effects of information conflict and complexity on voluntary visual exploration quantitatively. 31 adults viewed each of 16 slides of geometrical figures and places for as long as they wished. The stimuli had two values of information conflict and complexity which had been calculated by means of structural information theory. Free looking times indicated that only when information conflict was low, voluntary visual exploration was positively correlated with complexity. Furthermore, voluntary visual exploration correlated positively with information conflict when complexity was low.  相似文献   
72.
Although the Rescorla-Wagner axiom has been successful in explaining and predicting many phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning, it offers no explanation for the ability of stimuli to modulate conditioned responding to other stimuli (i.e., the occasion-setting effect). This article provides a mathematical model for Pavlovian conditioned modulation by adding simple rules to the Rescorla-Wagner axiom. In spite of its rudimentary stage, the proposed model can explain many of the basic findings of modulatory learning and suggests some new areas of research.  相似文献   
73.
Recent research at our laboratories in the field of human auditory time perception revealed that the duration of short empty time intervals (less than approximately 200 msec) is considerably underestimated if they are immediately preceded by shorter time intervals. Within a certain range, the amount of subjective time shrinking is a monotonous function of the preceding time interval; the shorter it is, the more it shrinks its successor. In the present study, the preceding interval was kept constant at 50 msec, and the following interval, for which the duration had to be judged, varied from 40 to 280 msec. The results showed that at up to 100 msec, the perceived duration increased to a much lesser extent than did the objective duration. Beyond 120 msec, the perceived duration quickly increased and reached a veridical value at 160 msec. Such a sudden change of perceived duration in a temporal pattern in which the objective duration varies gradually indicates a typical example of categorical perception. We suggest that such a categorization of the time dimension might be a clue for processes of speech and music perception.  相似文献   
74.
Twenty-six rats were used to study the development of stable conditioned responding to terminate white noise (100 or 105 db) in a tilt cage apparatus. Preliminary work, with one end of the cage consistently associated with silence, demonstrated stability at a high level of cumulative noise-off time per session. Time spent at the noise-off cage end was unaffected by lay-off and showed adaptation to reversal of the cage end functions. Variability in reversal acquisition, insensitivity to stimulus intensity changes and persistence in remaining at one end of the cage in the absence of noise-termination contingencies indicated the need for more precise behavioral control. A schedule programming several reversals of the no-noise end at variable intervals within each session was developed. Performance on the latter schedule was characterized by stability of high noise-off times and also proved more sensitive than the preliminary method to stimulus intensity changes (55, 70, 100 db) as measured by both cumulated noise-off time and cage crossing rates. The ease of training combined with sensitivity to stimulus change and the lack of highly specific motor response requirements make this technique promising for use with animals potentially debilitated by drugs or surgical after-effects.  相似文献   
75.
The effect of a diffuse auditory signal filling a brief delay between a response and reinforcement depends upon the nature of the trained target response. Rats in a signaled condition responded slower than rats in an unsignaled condition if the target response was lever release. If the target response was lever depression, however, rats in the signaled condition responded faster than rats in the unsignaled condition at the end of training  相似文献   
76.
Summary This paper is concerned with both time perception and the methodology of perceptual psychology. The perception of the pattern of two successive sound bursts was studied by two different methods, i.e., magnitude estimation and phenomenal report. The temporal interval between the bursts was varied from 38 ms to 3394 ms. First, the observer estimated the duration or speed of each pair by a number without modulus. The estimations could not be fitted by a single power function across the entire range of intervals. That is, the exponent changed discontinuously. Next, the observer categorized freely the impressions of all the pairs. The quality of the phenomenon changed at the point where the exponent changed. All the observers arrived at the same three categories expressing the phenomena of the pairs. The boundaries between them corresponded approximately to the intervals of 150 ms and 2000 ms. The pairs in the middle category were often associated with body movements. The other categories also are of a unique nature. Finally, the possibility and the usefulness of employing psychophysical methods and phenomenological methods together is discussed.We are grateful to Professor Y. Umeoka, University of Tokyo, for his constant advice  相似文献   
77.
To examine the neurotoxic effects of domoic acid, an amnesic shellfish toxin, electroencephalographic and behavioural experiments were conducted on 38 rats. Injection of domoic acid (0.5-1.0 mg/kg intravenously, or 0.04-0.08 microgram intraventricularly) caused seizure discharges in the hippocampus, tonic-clonic convulsions, and death within a few days. Convulsions and ensuing death were prevented by diazepam. Animals pretreated with diazepam (5 mg/kg, ip) tolerated intraventricular dose of domoic acid 0.4 microgram, but showed a loss of pyramidal neurons mainly in the CA3, CA4, and a part of CA1 areas of the dorsal hippocampus. Learning of a radial maze task was severely impaired in naive rats after intraventricular injection of domoic acid (and diazepam, ip). In the animals previously trained on the maze task, domoic acid interfered with relearning of the same task. These effects appear similar to those of kainic acid and are analogous to the symptoms observed in humans who ingested mussels tainted with domoic acid.  相似文献   
78.
Life span theories suggest that emotional experiences become more complex (i.e., nuanced and differentiated) with age. Theoretically, the cause of this increased complexity has been proposed to be age-related changes in life contexts such as goals and daily stressors. Consequently, age may not affect emotional complexity in settings where the influence of age-specific life contexts is reduced. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explored. In the present study, we investigated one aspect of emotional complexity, namely emotion differentiation. Extending previous research, we assessed age-group differences in negative emotion differentiation between young and older adults in a controlled experimental setting. A sample of 114 young and 132 older adults rated their emotional response to 34 negative pictures according to intensity of four negative emotions. Based on these ratings, two indicators of emotion differentiation were calculated. The results revealed no significant age-group differences in negative emotion differentiation. The findings indicate stability in negative emotion differentiation with increasing age when the influence of life context is reduced. The findings are consistent with life span theories suggesting that developmental changes in emotional complexity occur largely as a result of age-related changes in life contexts rather than more stable age-related changes in individual characteristics.  相似文献   
79.
We investigated the perception of temporal patterns of two neighboring empty time intervals, t1 and t2, in this order. In a previous study, we reported that bilateral assimilation took place during t1 and t2, as well as unilateral assimilation. [Miyauchi, R. & Nakajima, Y. (2005). Bilateral assimilation of two neighboring empty time intervals. Music Perception, 22, 411-424]. The points of subjective equality (PSEs) of t1 and t2 approached each other. We speculated that these temporal patterns would yield nearly 1:1 ratios perceptually despite the change in the physical temporal ratio between t1 and t2. However, we were uncertain whether these temporal patterns were really perceived as having 1:1 ratios. In the present study, we conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we measured subjective similarities of two temporal patterns and analyzed the results by hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. The temporal patterns, where the physical ratio between t1 and t2 was varied systematically, were divided into three clusters, and one cluster consisted of the temporal patterns within a range of -80 ms 相似文献   
80.
Two experiments assessed whether similarity between the two elements of a compound would influence the degree of mediated extinction versus recovery from overshadowing in human causal judgements. In both Experiments 1 and 2, we assessed the influence of extinguishing one element of a two-element compound on judgements about the other element. In Experiment 1 we manipulated the physical similarity of the two elements of the compound; in Experiment 2, we used equivalence and distinctiveness pretraining in order to vary their functional similarity. We found that these procedures influenced mediated extinction and recovery from overshadowing as a function of both physical and acquired similarity and distinctiveness, respectively. The implications of these results for previously reported differences between humans and nonprimate animals are discussed.  相似文献   
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