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An evolutionary perspective provides a conceptual framework with which to study adaptive processes that facilitate the maintenance of long-term relationships. One common relationship threat people face involves exposure to tempting relationship alternatives. Desirable relationship alternatives can threaten people's relationship commitment and, consequently, evoke relationship maintenance processes designed to protect people's relationship esteem. The current research examined whether cues of female ovulation–an important reproductive variable–evokes relationship maintenance processes in committed men. Men rated the attractiveness of a normally cycling relationship alternative at various points in her menstrual cycle. Unlike single men, who rated the woman as especially attractive when she was highly fertile, committed men exhibited the opposite pattern, rating her as less attractive during her period of peak fertility. This research illustrates the utility of integrating theories of relationship maintenance with evolutionary psychological theories of mating. 相似文献
235.
This paper examines the appeal and success of Joel Osteen, pastor of the largest church in America: Lakewood Church in Houston,
Texas. Our guiding theory comes from Heinz Kohut’s Self psychology, especially as elaborated in his interviews with Charles
Strozier. We also draw on the work of Indian psychoanalyst Sudhir Kakar, who, using Kohut, argues that the guru in the Indian
context functions as a cultural selfobject, and we argue that Osteen functions in an analogous way in the American context—that
is, as a cultural selfobject. Specifically, we argue that Osteen’s appeal and success is due to what Kohut refers to as idealizing
transferences and mirroring transferences, as well as Osteen’s ability to provide a “calming structure” and a sense of “continuity,”
as Kohut uses these terms, for members of the Lakewood community. To demonstrate this thesis, we analyze a recent sermon by
Osteen, a chapter in one of his bestselling books, and the airplane incident that involved Victoria Osteen in December 2005.
We contextualize our analysis by discussing relevant sociological and demographic data pertaining to Lakewood Church, and
we conclude by making the point that cultures can become disillusioned with their own cultural selfobjects and, whatever the
fate of Joel Osteen and company, our culture will nevertheless continue to produce new cultural selfobjects. 相似文献
236.
We prospectively followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of preadolescent girls with ADHD (n = 140) and matched comparison girls (n = 88) over a period of 5 years, from middle childhood through early/mid-adolescence. Our aim was to examine the ability of
measures of childhood executive function (EF) to predict functional outcomes in adolescence. Measures of neuropsychological
functioning comprised the childhood predictors, with academic, social, and global functioning serving as adolescent criterion
measures. Results indicated that childhood EF predicted (a) academic achievement and social functioning across our entire
sample (independent of diagnostic group status) and (b) global functioning only in girls with ADHD (independent of IQ). These
results highlight the non-specificity of EF deficits and suggest the importance of assessing and developing interventions
that target EF impairments, particularly in those at high-risk for negative outcomes, in order to prevent long-term difficulties
across a range of important functional domains. 相似文献
237.
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether and how reliance on a second language impacts the learning of new information
under very basic learning conditions. The paradigm used to investigate this issue required individuals to learn a series of
associations between numerals and particular letter strings. Participants were two groups of university students: (1) individuals
for whom spoken Hebrew was the mother tongue and written Hebrew a primary orthography (L1 group), and (2) individuals for
whom Hebrew, both spoken and written, was a second language (L2 group). Data were collected under two conditions. In the language-dependent
condition (LDC), the paradigm required learning associations between eight numerals and the letter strings of eight familiar
Hebrew words. In the language-independent condition (LIC), it required learning associations between eight numerals and eight
random letter strings in Hebrew. Results suggest that learners may be significantly disadvantaged when compelled to learn
new information mediated in a second language. This disadvantage appears to manifest itself at a very basic learning level
and in instances where new information is mediated by language that is fairly overlearned by the L2 learner. 相似文献
238.
Per B. Sederberg Jonathan F. Miller Marc W. Howard Michael J. Kahana 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(6):689-699
One way to study the associative processes at work during episodic memory is to examine the order of participant responses, which reveal the strong tendency to transition between temporally contiguous or semantically proximal items on the study list. Here, we assessed the correlation between participants’ recall performance and their use of semantic and temporal associations to guide retrieval across nine delayed free recall studies. The size of the participants’ temporal contiguity effects predicted their recall performance. When interpreted in terms of two models of episodic memory, these results suggest that participants who more effectively form and retrieve associations between items that occur nearby in time perform better on episodic recall tasks. Sample code may be downloaded as a supplement for this article from http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/ supplemental. 相似文献
239.
Timothy D. Miller 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(4):723-745
George Berkeley maintains both anti-abstractionism (that abstract ideas are impossible) and idealism (that physical objects and their qualities are mind-dependent). Some scholars (including Atherton, Bolton, and Pappas) have argued, in different ways, that Berkeley uses anti-abstractionism as a premise in a simple argument for idealism. In this paper, I argue that the relation between anti-abstractionism and idealism in Berkeley's metaphysics is more complex than these scholars acknowledge. Berkeley distinguishes between two kinds of abstraction, singling abstraction and generalizing abstraction. He then rests his case for idealism, not on the denial of the possibility of generalizing abstraction, but rather on the denial of the possibility of singling abstraction. Moreover, Berkeley's argument does not rest on a blanket rejection of all forms of singling abstraction. Rather, the fundamental anti-abstractionist assumption, for his purposes, is the claim that primary qualities cannot be mentally singled out from secondary qualities. Crucially, the claim that the existence of physical objects cannot be mentally singled out from their being perceived is not a premise in, but rather a consequence of, Berkeley's argument for idealism. Berkeley's argument therefore avoids circularity inasmuch as it appeals to the impossibility of singly abstracting one idea in order to establish the impossibility of singly abstracting another. 相似文献
240.
David B. Miller 《Ecological Psychology》2013,25(2):131-137
This study examined the movement coordination in an exceptional tetraplegic individual who has practiced Japanese calligraphy with a mouth-held brush for over 25 years to reach master level. In the experiment, the calligrapher wrote the same Chinese character on a sheet of ink paper multiple times. The uncontrolled manifold analysis revealed the forms of covariation among joint degrees of freedom so as to keep the brush pressure, brush angle, and upright head posture invariant over different realizations of the task while allowing for joint configuration fluctuations that do not affect these task variables. The fact that the 3 task variables were simultaneously controlled further suggested that the acquisition of the skill was not only a matter of learning to control each of the task variables but also a matter of learning to nest different layers of activities that control the multiple functional relationships to the environment in such a way as not to be dysfunctional for one layer to another. 相似文献