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931.
Hispanics are now the largest minority group in the United States, yet research examining the impact this will have on the American legal system is limited. The first purpose of this article was to synthesize the studies that have been conducted, which have found that Hispanics have a perspective toward the police, the courts and the law, and jury decision making that is unique from those of Caucasians and other ethnic groups. The second purpose of this article was to analyze whether psychology and law research has been conducted in a manner conducive to identifying this unique Hispanic perspective. An analysis of 800 articles published in five psychology and law journals revealed that, while Hispanics were typically conceptualized properly, the proportion of articles devoted to the Hispanic perspective is disturbingly low. To increase understanding of the Hispanic perspective, psychology and law researchers must increase the amount of empirical attention given to Hispanics. 相似文献
932.
Older adults report more positive feelings and fewer problems in their relationships than do younger adults. These positive experiences may partially reflect how people treat older adults. Social partners may treat older adults more kindly due to their sense that time remaining to interact with these older adults is limited. Younger (n = 87, age 22 to 35) and older (n = 89, age 65 to 77) participants indicated how positively they would behave (i.e., express affection, proffer respect, send sentimental cards) and what types of conflict strategies they would use in response to hypothetical negative interactions with two close social partners, a younger adult and an older adult. Multilevel models revealed that participants were more avoidant and less confrontational when interacting with older adults than when interacting with younger adults. Time perspective of the relationship partially mediated these age differences. Younger and older participants were also more likely to select sentimental cards for older partners than for younger partners. Findings build on socioemotional selectivity theory and the social input model to suggest that social partners facilitate better relationships in late life. 相似文献
933.
Miller JD Lynam DR Rolland JP De Fruyt F Reynolds SK Pham-Scottez A Baker SR Bagby RM 《Journal of personality disorders》2008,22(5):433-450
Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality disorder (PD) counts have demonstrated significant convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-IV PD symptoms. However, these FFM PD counts are of limited clinical use without normative data because it is difficult to determine what a specific score means with regard to the relative level of elevation. The current study presents data from three large normative samples that can be used as norms for the FFM PD counts in the respective countries: United States (N = 1,000), France (N = 801), and Belgium-Netherlands (N = 549). The present study also examines the performance, with regard to diagnostic efficiency, of statistically-defined cut-offs at 1.5 standard deviations above the mean (T > or = 65) versus previously identified cut-offs using receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analyses. These cut-offs are tested in three clinical samples-one from each of the aforementioned countries. In general, the T > or = 65 cut-offs performed similarly to those identified using ROC analyses and manifested properties relevant to a screening instrument. These normative data allow FFM data to be used in a flexible and comprehensive manner, which may include scoring this type of personality data in order to screen for DSM-IV PD constructs. 相似文献
934.
Jennifer E Hettema William R Miller J Scott Tonigan Harold D Delaney 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(1):117-121
Although driving while intoxicated (DWI) is a pervasive problem, reliable measures of this behavior have been elusive. In the present study, the Form 90, a widely utilized alcohol and substance use instrument, was adapted for measurement of DWI and related behaviors. Levels of reliability for the adapted instrument, the Form 90-DWI, were tested among a university sample of 60 undergraduate students who had consumed alcohol during the past 90 days. The authors administered the instrument once during an intake interview and again, 7-30 days later, to determine levels of test-retest reliability. Overall, the Form 90-DWI demonstrated high levels of reliability for many general drinking and DWI behaviors. Levels of reliability were lower for riding with an intoxicated driver and for variables involving several behavioral conjunctions, such as seat belt use and the presence of passengers when driving with a blood alcohol concentration above .08. Overall, the Form 90-DWI shows promise as a reliable measure of DWI behavior in research on treatment outcome and prevention. 相似文献
935.
This study focused on the personality characteristics associated with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a
longitudinal sample of youth, with a particular focus on differences between those with and without persisting ADHD symptoms.
Participants with ADHD (n = 90) were initially evaluated when they were 7–11 years old, and re-assessed at 16–22 years of age. Matched control subjects
(n = 80) were recruited at the time of the follow-up evaluation. At follow-up, the Kiddie-SADS-PL, a semi-structured psychiatric
interview, and the NEO-PI, a self-report personality inventory, were administered. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses
of variance (MANOVA). Results indicate that childhood ADHD is associated with lower scores on the NEO Conscientiousness subscale
in adolescents/young adults—irrespective of the degree of ADHD persistence. In contrast, ratings of Neuroticism and Agreeableness
appear to be more closely linked to adolescent status; those with persisting symptoms only exhibited increased Neuroticism
and decreased Agreeableness. These results suggest that ADHD, and the degree to which symptoms persist into adolescence, may
be closely linked to personality structure. 相似文献
936.
Wittenberg D Possin KL Rascovsky K Rankin KP Miller BL Kramer JH 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(1):91-102
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) represent a constellation of disorders that may be overlooked or misdiagnosed, despite
being fairly common presenile neurodegenerative diseases. Although the cognitive disorder can be difficult to document, particularly
early in the dementia course, neuropsychological evaluation can assist in the diagnosis. Neuropsychologists are in an excellent
position to draw from related disciplines like personality theory and social psychology to better assess the types of changes
that characterize the prodromal and early phases of the disease. This review summarizes the current state of the field in
the diagnosis of FTLD and discusses the emerging role of neuropsychology in elucidating the brain organization of complex
processes including empathy, behavioral control and inhibition, reward systems, appetitive behaviors, emotional regulation,
and goal-orientation. As this review underscores, frontotemporal dementia remains a powerful model for studying brain–behavior
relationships. 相似文献
937.
Jeffrey M. Spielberg Jennifer L. Stewart Rebecca L. Levin Gregory A. Miller Wendy Heller 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(1):135-153
This article provides a selective review of the literature and current theories regarding the role of prefrontal cortex, along with some other critical brain regions, in emotion and motivation. Seemingly contradictory findings have often appeared in this literature. Research attempting to resolve these contradictions has been the basis of new areas of growth and has led to more sophisticated understandings of emotional and motivational processes as well as neural networks associated with these processes. Progress has, in part, depended on methodological advances that allow for increased resolution in brain imaging. A number of issues are currently in play, among them the role of prefrontal cortex in emotional or motivational processes. This debate fosters research that will likely lead to further refinement of conceptualizations of emotion, motivation, and the neural processes associated with them. 相似文献
938.
In Experiment 1 each rat received two different fixed series of three trials each. The unconditioned stimulus occurred on
Trial 1 of one series and on Trial 3 of the other series, all other trials being nonreinforced. Previous Pavlovian investigations
have shown that rats can remember the immediately prior reward outcome and anticipate the immediately subsequent reward outcome.
Experiment 1 demonstrated that rats could remember and anticipate even more remote reward outcomes. In Experiment 2 two groups
received a series of two nonrewarded trials followed by a rewarded trial. It was demonstrated that a change in the conditioned
stimulus (CS) from Trial 2 to Trial 3, which occurred in one group, produced weaker responding than in the other group that
did not experience such CS change. On the basis of these findings it was suggested that the rats organized the trials of a
series into a unit or chunk. This was concluded for two reasons. First, remembering and anticipating remote reward outcomes
strongly suggests that responding is being controlled by events extending beyond the current trial. Secondly, the experimental
manipulations employed in the Pavlovian situation here are similar to those used in prior human learning and animal instrumental
learning investigations concerned with chunking. Thus, it would appear that chunking is a ubiquitous phenomenon appearing
in human serial learning (e.g., Bower and Winzenz 1969; Crowder 1976), in animal instrumental learning (e.g., Capaldi 1992; Hulse and Dorsky 1977; Terrace 1987), and now in Pavlovian learning. 相似文献
939.
Response grouping is a ubiquitous phenomenon in psychological refractory period (PRP) tasks, yet it hampers the analysis of dual-task performance. To account for response grouping, we developed several extended versions of the standard bottleneck model, each of which incorporates a possible grouping mechanism into this model. Computer simulations were used to assess how the predictions of the standard model would change with each grouping mechanism. One set of simulations investigated the basic effects of grouping on the means and intercorrelation of the reaction times in the two tasks, as well as the percentage of trials with short interresponse times (IRTs). A second set of simulations examined whether response grouping would invalidate the use of PRP paradigms for localizing experimental effects. Finally, we investigated whether the post-hoc elimination of trials with short IRTs removes the contaminating effects of response grouping. 相似文献
940.
Selection in multiple-item displays has been shown to benefit immensely from advance knowledge of target location (e.g., Henderson, 1991), leading to the suggestion that location is completely dominant in visual selective attention (e.g., Tsal & Lavie, 1993). Recently, direct selection by color has been reported in displays in which location does not vary (Vierck & Miller, 2005). The present experiment investigated the possibility of independent selection by color in a task with multiple-item displays and location precues in order to see whether color is also used for selection even when target location does vary and supposedly dominant location precues can be used. Precues provided independent information about the location and color of a target, and each type of precue could be either valid or invalid. The precues were followed by brief displays of six letters in six different colors, and participants had to discriminate the case of a prespecified target letter (e.g., R vs. r). Performance was much better when location cues were valid than when they were invalid, confirming the large advantage associated with valid advance location information. Performance was also better with valid advance color information, however, both when location cues were valid and when they were invalid. But these color benefits were dependent on the closeness of the colored letter to the cued location. Our results thus suggest that selection by color in a multiple-item display, where location and color information are independent from each other and equalized, is mediated by location information. 相似文献