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931.
Yohsuke Ohtsubo Charles E. Miller Ayumi Masuchi 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2004,40(3):320-331
Two experiments examined the effects of majority and unanimity decision rules on group decisions involving continuous alternatives. Each experiment used mock civil juries to test three hypotheses related to the claim that when the distribution of group members’ initial preferences is skewed, the group’s decision will be influenced more by the presence of outlier members under unanimity rule than under majority rule. Experiment 1 tested the hypotheses using a punitive damages case and positively skewed preference distributions. Experiment 2 tested the hypotheses using a compensatory damages case and manipulating the skewness of preference distributions in a 2 (group decision rule) × 2 (valence of skewness) factorial design. In both experiments, the extreme (outlier) member’s individual preference was significantly correlated with the group decision only under unanimity rule. A simple thought experiment based on the experimental results is suggested regarding the implications of using unanimity or majority rule for making decisions in civil juries. 相似文献
932.
Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
The research reported here examined the effects of two potential motivators of political activism—policy change threat and policy change opportunity—in a field experiment. Different versions of a letter were sent by a political lobbying organization to potential contributors. One version highlighted threats of undesirable policy changes, another version highlighted opportunities for desirable policy changes, and the third version did neither. Policy change threat increased the number of financial contributions made to the interest group, but policy change opportunity did not. Policy change opportunity increased the number of signed postcards returned to be sent to President Clinton, but policy change threat did not. These findings highlight the impact of interest group recruitment strategies on citizen responsiveness and demonstrate the need to account for sources of motivation in order to more fully understand when, why, and how citizens choose to become politically active. 相似文献
933.
Paul E. Levy Richard T. Cober Terri Miller 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(8):1703-1720
This paper explores the relationship between leadership style as operationalized by trans-formational/transactional leadership (Bass, 1985) and feedback-seeking behavior. Participants ( n = 132) were presented with a vignette describing either a transformational or a transactional leader. Leadership style (transformational leader) was significantly related to higher feedback-seeking intentions. Further, controlling for manipulated leadership style, participants' perceptions of leader consideration behaviors resulted in higher feedback-seeking intentions. These findings suggest that not only does exposure to a certain leader affect feedback-seeking behavior, but also perceptions of certain characteristics of a leader's behavior are important. These findings explain one potential mechanism through which transformational leaders might affect the development of their subordinates and raises interesting implications for leadership coaching. 相似文献
934.
Geri Miller 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2002,80(4):503-506
P. G. Zimbardo (2001) and M. E. P. Seligman (in an interview with S. Carpenter, 2001) discuss evil and hope in response to the September 11, 2001, disaster. The implications for counseling are presented with an emphasis on how counselors can maintain hope for themselves and their clients in the face of evil. 相似文献
935.
Holly Etchegary Fiona Miller Sonya deLaat Brenda Wilson June Carroll Mario Cappelli 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(3):252-264
Since genetic information has implications for family members, some choices about genetic risk may be influenced by perceptions
of responsibility to relatives. Drawing upon 25 semi-structured interviews with test recipients in Canada, this study explored
decisions about inherited breast-ovarian and colon cancer. Qualitative data analysis revealed the pervasive significance of
genetic responsibility in test decisions. We highlight three dimensions of genetic responsibility: 1) to know about the self
for self; 2) to know about the self for others; 3) to know about the self to oblige others to know. It is argued that these
dimensions of genetic responsibility have implications for test decisions, family relationships and other family members’
desire to know (or not know) and to act (or not act) with respect to their own genetic risk. In particular, genetic responsibility
may play out as a framing of a relative’s moral obligation to know their risk that could obviate any interest they might have
in not knowing. We conclude that perceptions of responsibility to—and of−other family members be thoroughly explored in genetic
counseling sessions. 相似文献
936.
We have two aims in this paper. The first is negative: to demonstrate the problems in Bernard Gert’s account of common morality,
in particular as it applies to professional morality. The second is positive: to suggest a more satisfactory explanation of
the moral basis of professional role morality, albeit one that is broadly consistent with Gert’s notion of common morality,
but corrects and supplements Gert’s theory. The paper is in three sections. In the first, we sketch the main features of Gert’s
account of common morality in general. In the second, we outline Gert’s explanation of the source of professional moral rules
and demonstrate its inadequacy. In the third section, we provide an account of our own collectivist needs-based view of the
source of the role-moral obligations of many professional roles, including those of health care professionals.
相似文献
Andrew AlexandraEmail: |
937.
Anett Gyurak Madeleine S. Goodkind Anita Madan Joel H. Kramer Bruce L. Miller Robert W. Levenson 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(2):144-152
Behavioral regulation is a hallmark feature of executive functioning (EF). The present study investigated whether commonly
used neuropsychological test measures of EF (i.e., working memory, Stroop, trail making, and verbal fluency) were related
to ability to downregulate emotion both spontaneously and when instructed to suppress emotional expressions. To ensure a wide
range of EF, 24 frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients, 7 Alzheimer's patients, and 17 neurologically normal controls
participated. Participants were exposed to an acoustic startle stimulus (single aversive noise burst) under three conditions:
(1) unwarned, (2) warned with no instructions (to measure spontaneous emotion downregulation), and (3) warned with instructions to suppress (to measure instructed emotion downregulation). Results indicated that higher verbal fluency scores were related to greater
emotion regulation (operationalized as reduction in body movement and emotional facial behavior when warned of the impending
startle) in both regulation conditions. No relationships were found between emotion regulation in these conditions and the
other EF measures. We conclude that, of four commonly used measures of EF, verbal fluency best indexes the complex processes
of monitoring, evaluation, and control necessary for successful emotion regulation, both spontaneously and following instructions
to suppress. 相似文献
938.
Most research on immigrant acculturation has been conducted with cross-sectional samples, using statistical designs that may not capture different trajectories for the components that contribute to this complex concept. The purpose of this study was to examine change over time in acculturation for 226 women from the former Soviet Union who had lived in the US fewer than eight years when recruited. Using self-report data from four annual waves, growth trajectories were examined in four components of acculturation (American behavior, Russian behavior, English language proficiency, and cultural generativity). Results indicate that these components changed at varying rates. Acculturation is a process with multiple distinct components which should be measured separately to obtain a full profile of change over time. 相似文献
939.
Three Pavlovian fear conditioning experiments with rats as subjects explored the effect of extinction in the presence of a concurrent excitor. Our aim was to explore this particular treatment, documented in previous studies to deepen extinction, with novel control groups to shed light on the processes involved in extinction. Relative to subjects extinguished on the target CS alone, Experiments 1 and 2 found across a range of parameters that any appreciable effect of facilitated extinction due to the concurrent excitor was submerged by generalization decrement going from extinction to testing. In Experiment 3 we used different durations for the target and concurrent stimuli in order to discourage configuring and an ABC renewal design to increase sensitivity, and observed diminished renewal resulting from extinction in the presence of a second excitor. Our findings suggest that there are distinct limits to the observation of enhanced extinction in the presence of an excitor and identifies some of the sources of these limitations. 相似文献
940.
Alexander Miller 《Synthese》2009,171(3):433-442
In this paper I will argue that Crispin Wright’s defence of the claim that the truth about intention is judgement-dependent is unstable because it can serve also to establish that the truth about shape is judgement-dependent, thereby violating his constraint that in developing the distinction between judgement-independent and judgement-dependent subject matters we have to be driven by the assumption that colour and shape will fall on different sides of the divide. 相似文献