用于项目生成的认知模型的构建与比较——以矩阵完成问题为例

项目生成是一种新的测验编制技术,它可以弥补传统测验编制技术的缺陷.使用该技术编制测验,要进行大量的前期工作,如必须要了解和归纳所编测验中项目的所有刺激特征,据此建立认知模型,再将认知模型与心理计量模型联合,构建能预测新生成项目难度的数学模型等.该研究以矩阵完成问题为例,在带约束的两参数Logistic模型的基础上,通过对构建的几个认知模型的比较,挑选合适的认知模型为矩阵完成问题的项目生成研究服务.研究结果表明,自建的认知模型能够满足矩阵问题项目生成的要求.     

Semantic size does not matter: "bigger" words are not recognized faster

Sereno, O'Donnell, and Sereno (2009) reported that words are recognized faster in a lexical decision task when their referents are physically large than when they are small, suggesting that "semantic size" might be an important variable that should be considered in visual word recognition research and modelling. We sought to replicate their size effect, but failed to find a significant latency advantage in lexical decision for "big" words (cf. "small" words), even though we used the same word stimuli as Sereno et al. and had almost three times as many subjects. We also examined existing data from visual word recognition megastudies (e.g., English Lexicon Project) and found that semantic size is not a significant predictor of lexical decision performance after controlling for the standard lexical variables. In summary, the null results from our lab experiment--despite a much larger subject sample size than Sereno et al.--converged with our analysis of megastudy lexical decision performance, leading us to conclude that semantic size does not matter for word recognition. Discussion focuses on why semantic size (unlike some other semantic variables) is unlikely to play a role in lexical decision.     

Cross-modal repetition priming of heterographic homophones

In two cross-modal priming experiments in French, we investigated the effects of auditorily presented heterographic homophones (an English example is /meId/) on the subsequent visual recognition of the dominant (MADE) and subordinate (MAID) printed forms. When only pronounceable, regular nonwords were used as distractor items in the lexical decision task, both dominant and subordinate forms were facilitated by the homophone prime relative to an unrelated word prime. When pseudohomophones were added among the nonword distractors, dominant targets continued to show facilitation while subordinate targets showed an inhibitory trend. These results provide evidence for inhibition-based selection in the processing of ambiguous words in the absence of any biasing context.     

城市居民社区组织意识研究综述

社区组织意识是社区成员与社区组织在共同生活中形成的的精神联结,体现为对社区组织的认知、情感和行为意愿。文章对社区组织意识概念、状况和影响因素进行了论述,并提出社区组织意识研究存在的不足,及对未来研究的展望。     

Individual differences in emotional complexity: their psychological implications

Two studies explored the nature and psychological implications of individual differences in emotional complexity, defined as having emotional experiences that are broad in range and well differentiated. Emotional complexity was predicted to be associated with private self-consciousness, openness to experience, empathic tendencies, cognitive complexity, ability to differentiate among named emotions, range of emotions experienced daily, and interpersonal adaptability. The Range and Differentiation of Emotional Experience Scale (RDEES) was developed to test these hypotheses. In Study 1 (N=1,129) students completed questionnaire packets containing the RDEES and various outcome measures. Study 2 (N=95) included the RDEES and non-self-report measures such as peer reports, complexity of representations of the emotion domain, and level of ego development measured by a sentence completion test. Results supported all of the hypotheses, providing extensive evidence for the RDEES's construct validity. Findings were discussed in terms of the role of emotional complexity in ego maturity and interpersonal adaptability.     

行动识别理论

本文介绍Vallacher和Wegner提出的“行动识别理论”。文章结合实验围绕人们行动识别的特点与原则、行动识别与行动的交互作用、决定行动识别水平的因素以及行动识别水平的个体差异和高水平行动识别者与低水平行动识别者的不同行动风格展开介绍。这些研究不仅有其对认知与行动之间关系作科学探索的理论价值,而且对人们更好地实现目标而进行日常行为管理也有着重要的启示意义。     

What are you looking at? Acuity for triadic eye gaze

The authors measured observers' ability to determine direction of gaze toward an object in space. In Experiment 1, they determined the difference threshold for determining whether a live "looker" was looking to the left or right of a target point. Acuity for eye direction was quite high (approximately 30 s arc). Viewing the movement of the looker's eyes did not improve acuity. When one of the looker's eyes was occluded, the observers' acuity was disrupted and their point of subjective equality was shifted away from the exposed eye. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, but digitized gaze displays were used. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the acuity for direction of gaze depended on the position of the looker's target. Overall, the results indicated that humans are highly sensitive to gaze direction and that information from both eyes is used to determine direction of regard.     

阅读训练对儿童早期字词意识发展的作用

该研究探讨了幼儿园中、大班及小学一、二年级儿童在完成字／词意识任务上的年龄差异以及阅读训练对字／词意识发展的影响。实验结果表明：（1）5岁儿童的字词意识尚处于不断的发展之中。6岁及7岁儿童的字意识发展已经达到了成熟水平,但他们的词意识正处于不断的发展之中。（2）初级的阅读训练促进了5岁儿童字意识的发展,但对词意识的发展没有影响。（3）小学语文教学对6岁儿童的口头任务没有影响,但显著地促进了圈词任务成绩的提高。     

祛病延年的良药--幽默

当今世界不少国家在紧张的劳作之余,创办各种新奇的幽默组织,借以消除疲劳,松弛情绪,增进健康。幽默杂志美国健康学家创办的幽默杂志《疯狂》被西欧一些国家读者评为世界最佳幽默杂志。被它挖苦过的社会时弊,常常成为美国公民口中流传的笑柄。勤奋的美国人在操劳之余,从《疯狂》     

提示线索、目标信息对大学生攻击可能性判断的影响

该研究探讨了在受挫情境中,不同的提示线索和目标信息对大学生攻击可能性判断的影响,结果发现:1)线索提示对大学生攻击可能性判断存在显著性影响,而目标信息的主效应、目标信息与提示线索的交互作用并不显著。2)与图片线索相比较,命题线索更容易激活攻击性认知,进而影响大学生对攻击可能性的判断。