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381.
Identifying a criminal captured on conventional security video typically requires matching poor-quality video footage against a high-quality photograph. The authors examined the consequence of such a large discrepancy in image quality. Recognition and matching performance of this incongruent-quality condition was compared with that of a congruent one, in which a high-quality photograph was reduced to a low-quality video. Recognition memory was little affected by this manipulation, whereas matching performance of the incongruent condition enjoyed occasional advantage. The results show that person identification can tolerate a large discrepancy between image qualities of matching stimuli when one of the images is of poor quality. 相似文献
382.
This study investigated the ability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory--Third Edition (MCMI-III) to discriminate students malingering psychopathology (n = 106) from bona fide psychiatric inpatients (n = 202). Students were randomly assigned to a fake-bad or an honest-responding condition. Analyses investigated the ability of the modifier indices to discriminate fake-bad group participants from the psychiatric inpatients. Scale X raw cutoff score > 178 yielded a positive predictive power (PPP) of 0.0, a negative predictive power (NPP) of 63.1, and a hit rate of 63.1%. Optimal cutoff scores were developed. Scale X Base Rate (BR) > 84 provided a PPP of 55.6, an NPP of 72.1, and a hit rate of 65.2%. Scale Y BR < 26 yielded a PPP of 52.5 and a hit rate of 64.8%. Receiver operating characteristic analyses found that Scale X best classified malingerers. Overall, the MCMI-III modifier indices were of minimal clinical utility in distinguishing college student malingerers from bona fide psychiatric inpatients. 相似文献
383.
Rollin McCraty M.A. Bob Barrios-Choplin Ph.D. Deborah Rozman Ph.D. Mike Atkinson Alan D. Watkins M.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(2):151-170
This study examined the effects on healthy adults of a new emotional self-management program, consisting of two key techniques,
“Cut-Thru” and the “Heart Lock-In.” These techniques are designed to eliminate negative thought loops and promote sustained
positive emotional states. The hypotheses were that training and practice in these techniques would yield lowered levels of
stress and negative emotion and cortisol, while resulting in increased positive emotion and DHEA levels over a one-month period.
In addition, we hypothesized that increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns would be observed during the practice
of the techniques.
Forty-five healthy adults participated in the study, fifteen of whom acted as a comparison group for the psychological measures.
Salivary DHEA/DHEAS and cortisol levels were measured, autonomic nervous system function was assessed by heart rate variability
analysis, and emotions were measured using a psychological questionnaire. Individuals in the experimental group were assessed
before and four weeks after receiving training in the self-management techniques.
The experimental group experienced significant increases in the positive affect scales of Caring and Vigor and significant
decreases in the negative affect scales of Guilt, Hostility, Burnout, Anxiety and Stress Effects, while no significant changes
were seen in the comparison group. There was a mean 23 percent reduction in cortisol and a 100 percent increase in DHEA/DHEAS
in the experimental group. DHEA was significantly and positively related to the affective state Warmheartedness, whereas cortisol
was significantly and positively related to Stress Effects. Increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns was measured
in 80 percent of the experimental group during the use of the techniques.
The results suggest that techniques designed to eliminate negative thought loops can have important positive effects on stress,
emotions and key physiological systems. The implications are that relatively inexpensive interventions may dramatically and
positively impact individuals’ health and well-being. Thus, individuals may have greater control over their minds, bodies
and health than previously suspected. 相似文献
384.
Simple software techniques for the digital analysis of impedance cardiography data are described. The software digitizes simultaneous impedance and ECG signals, averages these signals over time on a beat-by-beat basis, processes the averaged signals to locate relevant features, and computes heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for the averaged period. The source and executable code, written in Pascal for a PDP-11 with standard peripheral addressing and a VT125 graphics terminal, is available from the authors. 相似文献
385.
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387.
The Struggle for the Nature of “Prejudice”: “Prejudice” Expression as Identity Performance 下载免费PDF全文
This article develops an identity performance model of prejudice that highlights the creative influence of prejudice expressions on norms and situations. Definitions of prejudice can promote social change or stability when they are used to achieve social identification, explanation, and mobilization. Tacit or explicit agreement about the nature of prejudice is accomplished collaboratively by persuading others to accept (1) an abstract definition of “prejudice,” (2) concrete exemplars of “prejudice,” and (3) associated beliefs about how a target group should be treated. This article reviews three ways in which “prejudice” can be defined in the cut and thrust of social interaction, namely, by mobilizing hatred and violence, by accusation and denial, and by repression. The struggle for the nature of prejudice determines who can be badly treated and by whom. Studying such ordinary struggles to define what counts (and does not count) as “prejudice” will allow us to understand how identities are produced, norms are set into motion, and populations are mobilized as social relations are reformulated. 相似文献
388.
389.
A. Mike Burton Stephen Wilson Michelle Cowan & Vicki Bruce 《Psychological science》1999,10(3):243-248
Security surveillance systems often produce poor-quality video, and this may be problematic in gathering forensic evidence. We examined the ability of subjects to identify target people captured by a commercially available video security device. In Experiment 1, subjects personally familiar with the targets performed very well at identifying them, but subjects unfamiliar with the targets performed very poorly. Police officers with experience in forensic identification performed as poorly as other subjects unfamiliar with the targets. In Experiment 2, we asked how familiar subjects can perform so well. Using the same video device, we edited clips to obscure the head, body, or gait of the targets. Obscuring body or gait produced a small decrement in recognition performance. Obscuring the targets' heads had a dramatic effect on subjects' ability to recognize the targets. These results imply that subjects recognized the targets' faces, even in these poor-quality images. 相似文献
390.
Mark Brackstone Mike McDonald 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》1999,2(4):283
In recent years, the topic of car-following has become of increased importance in traffic engineering and safety research. Models of this phenomenon, which describe the interaction between (typically) adjacent vehicles in the same lane, now form the cornerstone for many important areas of research including (a) simulation modelling, where the car-following model (amongst others) controls the motion of the vehicles in the network, and (b) the functional definition of advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS), which are being introduced as a driver safety aid in an effort to mimic driver behaviour but remove human error. Despite the importance of this area however, no overview of the models availability and validity exists. It is the intent of this paper therefore to briefly assess the range of options available in the choice of car-following model, and assess just how far work has proceeded in our understanding of what, at times, would appear to be a simple process. 相似文献