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241.
Memory for activities to be performed in the future, i.e., prospective memory, such as remembering to take medication or remembering to give a colleague a message, is a pervasive real‐world memory task that has recently begun to attract the attention of numerous researchers. Age effects in prospective memory have been found particularly in complex paradigms requiring participants to remember to switch between several subtasks in a limited time period (e.g., Kliegel, McDaniel, & Einstein, 2000). Here, most of the older adults try to complete one or two subtasks and to forget the prospective instruction to work on all subtasks. Since recent findings in this context show that one profits from tips regarding the relevant task in complex double tasks, it seems likely that age effects in prospective memory tasks might also be due to the lack of information about the importance of the prospective task. To test this hypothesis, the importance of the prospective task was varied in the present study with 104 young and old participants by providing motivational incentives to interrupt and switch during the introduction phase (plan formation) as well as during the execution phase. Also, interindividual differences regarding nonexecutive as well as executive cognitive resources were analysed, thus allowing estimation of the relationship between these factors and (age‐related) performance in complex prospective remembering. The results show age effects in favour of the younger group in all task components of the complex prospective multitask. In contrast, there was no effect of the present experimental manipulation of motivational incentives. Finally, in regression analyses, intention formation, in particular, was found to be a significant predictor of intention execution, explaining most of the age‐related variance. In sum, our results specifically highlight the fundamental importance of adequately planning the complex intention and do not support the hypothesis that age‐related decrements in performance are reflecting a lack of motivation in the present complex prospective memory paradigm. 相似文献
242.
Carefully implemented technology strategies are vital to the success of large-scale initiatives such as the U.S. Army's Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program. Achieving the U.S. Army's vision for CSF required a robust information technology platform that was scaled to millions of users and that leveraged the Internet to enable global reach. The platform needed to be agile, provide powerful real-time reporting, and have the capacity to quickly transform to meet emerging requirements. Existing organizational applications, such as "Single Sign-On," and authoritative data sources were exploited to the maximum extent possible. Development of the "Soldier Fitness Tracker" is the most recent, and possibly the best, demonstration of the potential benefits possible when existing organizational capabilities are married to new, innovative applications. Combining the capabilities of the extant applications with the newly developed applications expedited development, eliminated redundant data collection, resulted in the exceeding of program objectives, and produced a comfortable experience for the end user, all in less than six months. This is a model for future technology integration. 相似文献
243.
244.
JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji Chuka Mike Ifeagwazi John E. Eze 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2017,30(6):702-715
Background: Event centrality and emotion regulation in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented in various global samples especially in Western cultures; but internally displaced persons (IDPs) still constitute an underrepresented population in psychotraumatology literature. This study tested the roles of event centrality and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) in PTSD symptoms among IDPs in Nigeria.Design: The multi-group cross-sectional design was adopted.Methods: Tiv language versions of the Centrality of Events Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were completed by 859 IDPs in two camps located in Benue State, North-central region of Nigeria.Results: Hierarchical multiple linear regression results indicated that event centrality positively predicted PTSD symptoms. Cognitive reappraisal was a negative predictor of PTSD symptoms while expressive suppression was a positive predictor of PTSD symptoms. Bonferroni corrections indicated that expressive suppression was the strongest predictor of total PTSD symptoms, avoidance/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms; but event centrality was the most robust predictor of PTSD intrusion/re-experiencing symptoms.Conclusion: The findings underscore recent developments in psychotraumatology indicating that the extent to which individual differences impact the development of PTSD is essential in clinical psychology research and practice. 相似文献
245.
Mike W. Martin 《The Journal of value inquiry》2005,39(3-4):299-308
246.
AbstractIn this paper, we explore the issue of the elimination of sports, or elements of sports, that present a high risk of brain injury. In particular, we critically examine two elements of Angelo Corlett’s and Pam Sailors’ arguments for the prohibition of football and Nicholas Dixon’s claim for the reformation of boxing to eliminate blows to the head based on (a) the empirical assumption of an essential or causal connection between brain injuries incurred in football and the development of a degenerative brain disease known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE); and (b) John Stuart Mill’s rejection of consensual domination (ie voluntary enslavement). We present four arguments to contest the validity of Corlett, Dixon’s and Sailor’s positions. Specifically, we argue that (i) certain autonomy-based arguments undermine paternalist arguments for reform; (ii) the nature of the goods people pursue in their lives might justify their foregoing (degrees of) future autonomy; (iii) Mill’s argument against consensual domination draws on ambiguous and arbitrary distinctions; (iv) the lack of consensus and empirical evidence regarding CTE arising from brain injuries in sport underdetermines calls for reform. We conclude that these proposals for reforming or eliminating sports with high risks of brain injuries are not well founded. 相似文献
247.
Sally Andrews A. Mike Burton Stefan R. Schweinberger 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(8):1620-1632
Natural variability between instances of unfamiliar faces can make it difficult to reconcile two images as the same person. Yet for familiar faces, effortless recognition occurs even with considerable variability between images. To explore how stable face representations develop, we employed incidental learning in the form of a face sorting task. In each trial, multiple images of two facial identities were sorted into two corresponding piles. Following the sort, participants showed evidence of having learnt the faces performing more accurately on a matching task with seen than with unseen identities. Furthermore, ventral temporal event-related potentials were more negative in the N250 time range for previously seen than for previously unseen identities. These effects appear to demonstrate some degree of abstraction, rather than simple picture learning, as the neurophysiological and behavioural effects were observed with novel images of the previously seen identities. The results provide evidence of the development of facial representations, allowing a window onto natural mechanisms of face learning. 相似文献
248.
The Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory-45 (CFNI-45; Parent & Moradi, 2010) is an important tool for assessing level of conformity to feminine gender norms and for investigating the implications of such norms for women's functioning. The authors of the present study assessed the factor structure, measurement invariance, reliability, and validity of the CFNI-45 with data from 520 college women (55% White). Confirmatory factor analyses with data from this sample suggested acceptable fit for the posited 9-factor structure. Furthermore, analyses of measurement invariance indicated similar structural properties with members of socioculturally dominant (i.e., White) and nondominant (i.e., women of color) racial/ethnic status groups. Also, subscales of the CFNI-45 demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability coefficients, and correlations with convergent and discriminant validity indicators supported the validity of subscales scores. Overall, results offered support for the CFNI-45 as a multidimensional measure of women's conformity to feminine norms. The CFNI-45 can be used in research to facilitate evaluation of the theorized roles of conformity to feminine norms in women's mental health, vocational behavior, interpersonal relationships, and other domains. The CFNI-45 can be used in clinical practice to assess and attend to clients' conformity to feminine norms as is called for in the American Psychological Association's (2007) Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Girls and Women. 相似文献
249.
In this study, we evaluated CUIDAR, a program that provides community-based 10-week parent training to reduce attention and
behavior problems in preschool children. We recruited 154 predominantly low-income and Latino preschoolers and their parents
to participate in this evaluation study. We collected data prior to and immediately following intervention and one year later.
At the time of follow-up, we also recruited 15 parents who had initially enrolled, but never participated in the program to
serve as a comparison group for a limited set of analyses. From pre to post intervention, we observed significant, positive
changes in eight out of ten measured parenting behaviors. From pre intervention to follow-up, improvements in the use of transitional
statements and planning ahead were significant. Children’s SDQ Total Difficulties scores significantly decreased from pre
to post intervention (d = .36), and we observed significant, positive changes in all SDQ subscales. From pre intervention to follow-up, children’s
SDQ Total Difficulties scores significantly decreased (d = .71) and all SDQ subscales reflected significant, positive changes. We observed no significant differences in reported
barriers to participation between parents who participated in the program and those who enrolled, but never participated.
Intervention gains were moderated by several factors, including history of out-of-home care and family structure. Our results
should be interpreted cautiously because not all analyses included a comparison group, and a randomized trial of CUIDAR effectiveness
is still needed. 相似文献
250.
Fear in children is associated with the tendency to avoid situations related to the fear. In this study, the Approach-Avoidance
Task (AAT) was evaluated as a test of automatic behavioral avoidance tendencies in children. A sample of 195 children aged
between 9 and 12 years completed an AAT, a Behavioral Assessment Task (BAT), and two spider fear questionnaires. The results
indicate that all children showed an automatic avoidance tendency in response to spider pictures, but not pictures of butterflies
or neutral pictures. Girls who reported more fear of spiders on the self-reports and behaved more anxiously during the BAT
also showed a greater avoidance tendency in the AAT. These relationships were absent in boys. 相似文献