Encoding-imagery specificity in alcohol state-dependent learning.

A free-recall procedure demonstrated state-dependent learning using alcohol. Tests of long-term memory showed that both high- and low-imagery words were less likely to be recalled if stored while intoxicated rather than under sober conditions. However, information encoded and stored while intoxicated was more effectively retrieved when later tests of recall were performed while intoxicated, as compared to recall accomplished in the sober state. This dissociative recall effect was far more robust with low-imagery than with high-imagery words.     

Magnetic tape operating systems for the PDP-8

A magnetic tape operation system (TMS) based on Digital Equipment Corporation’s 4K disk monitor system (DMS), but reconfigured to improve speed and performance on a magnetic tape, is described. The TMS is compared in organization to the DMS configured to run from DECtape. A magnetic tape system device handler for Digital Equipment Corporation’s OS-8, to allow this operating system to be ran from magnetic tape, is included.     

Simple forms and fluctuations of the line of sight: Implications for motor theories of form processing

A contact lens optical Jever was used to measure two-dimensional fixation characteristics when experienced Ss fixated at various positions within simple forms small enough to fall entirely on the foveal floor (<80 min). Fixation stability and the average direction of the line of sight were not markedly or systematically affected by the shape of the fixation stimulus. Similar results were obtained when all saccades were suppressed and the line of sight maintained exclusively by means of slow control. These results cast doubt on motor theories of form perception.     

The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol

This study examined the effects on healthy adults of a new emotional self-management program, consisting of two key techniques, “Cut-Thru” and the “Heart Lock-In.” These techniques are designed to eliminate negative thought loops and promote sustained positive emotional states. The hypotheses were that training and practice in these techniques would yield lowered levels of stress and negative emotion and cortisol, while resulting in increased positive emotion and DHEA levels over a one-month period. In addition, we hypothesized that increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns would be observed during the practice of the techniques. Forty-five healthy adults participated in the study, fifteen of whom acted as a comparison group for the psychological measures. Salivary DHEA/DHEAS and cortisol levels were measured, autonomic nervous system function was assessed by heart rate variability analysis, and emotions were measured using a psychological questionnaire. Individuals in the experimental group were assessed before and four weeks after receiving training in the self-management techniques. The experimental group experienced significant increases in the positive affect scales of Caring and Vigor and significant decreases in the negative affect scales of Guilt, Hostility, Burnout, Anxiety and Stress Effects, while no significant changes were seen in the comparison group. There was a mean 23 percent reduction in cortisol and a 100 percent increase in DHEA/DHEAS in the experimental group. DHEA was significantly and positively related to the affective state Warmheartedness, whereas cortisol was significantly and positively related to Stress Effects. Increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns was measured in 80 percent of the experimental group during the use of the techniques. The results suggest that techniques designed to eliminate negative thought loops can have important positive effects on stress, emotions and key physiological systems. The implications are that relatively inexpensive interventions may dramatically and positively impact individuals’ health and well-being. Thus, individuals may have greater control over their minds, bodies and health than previously suspected.     

Work and nonwork stressors,negative affective states,and pain complaints among firefighters and paramedics

Prior research has suggested that occupational stressors may contribute to the etiology, progression, and chronicity of pain problems in workers. This study used anonymous survey methods to assess the prevalence and frequency of self-reported pain symptoms and their relationships to demographic variables, sources of occupational stressors, nonwork stressors and affective distress in a large sample (N2000) of employed career public sector firefighters and paramedics. The findings were consistent with those of previous studies of high strain workers. More than 95% of the firefighter/paramedic sample reported at least one pain complaint (using a 1 week assessment time frame). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis entering demographic, occupational, and nonwork stressors, as well as measures of negative affective states targeting total pain scores, yielded significant relationships. Five occupational stressors were associated with respondent pain complaints. The results also suggest that negative affective states mediated the relationships between work and nonwork variables, and pain complaint outcomes. The implications of these findings for the development of preventive interventions for firefighters and paramedics as well as other emergency service workers are considered.     

Predictors of children's entertainment television viewing: Why are they tuning in?

Three hundred and twenty six 3- and 5-year-olds (N = 160 3-year-olds) participated in a longitudinal study of the sociological and ecological predictors of children's general audience and child entertainment viewing. Viewing was assessed through five weekly diaries for each child, completed by families over a two-year period. Concurrent analyses of program availability, family demographics/attributes, and child characteristics indicated that children who were frequent viewers of entertainment programs had parents who had limited education, access to cable, and incorporated television into their activities. Although parental regulation and encouragement played a role in children's viewing experiences, particularly at 5 and 7 years of age, the strongest long-term predictors on children's entertainment viewing were parents' education, family size, and the age and sex of the child. Parents need to become more aware of their role in shaping their children's viewing habits. Responsibility for improving children's television viewing experiences, however, should not rely solely with parents but must be shared by educators, broadcasters, and legislators.     

When writing helps to heal: E-mail as therapy

A new form of therapy termed therap-e-mail, developed by the authors for use in their Internet-based counselling service Therapy Online, is explained. Two major challenges that have been brought up by other professionals concerning on-line therapy are addressed, and solutions to these challenges are proposed. Five significant advantages of therap-e-mail are discussed The need for research, and the implications for guidance and counselling, are addressed     

Change and development in adult life: Some implications for helpers

Adulthood is described as a legitimate if recent object of psychological study. The concept of a social time clock is discussed, and age-based stereotyping is contrasted with the empirical evidence available for differences between age groups on the basis of physical, intellectual and personality development. Theories of adult development are identified, along with some key issues which any theorist must consider. 'Development' is described as a useful, normative construct, and guidelines are suggested as an aid to all helpers in combating societal age-stereotyping.