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181.
Mike Martin Matthias Kliegel Mark A. McDaniel 《International journal of psychology》2003,38(4):195-206
The present study examines the relationship between prospective memory performance and executive functioning. The four phases of the prospective memory process—intention formation, intention retention, reinstantiation of the intention, and intention execution—are assumed to require different amounts of executive processing, most of which is demanded in the phases of intention formation and intention execution. At present, though, it is still unclear whether, and to what extent, prefrontal executive systems are involved in different kinds of prospective memory tasks, as some findings suggest that prospective memory might rather rely on nonstrategic processes that are unlikely to depend on prefrontal executive systems. Therefore, this study focuses on the following questions: (1) to what degree does executive functioning predict prospective memory performance in different standard prospective memory tasks and, furthermore, are certain executive measures better predictors than others; (2) are age‐related effects in different prospective memory measures due to individual differences in executive functioning; and (3) do age‐related differences in prospective memory exist that are not explained by individual differences in executive functioning. In a sample of 80 adults (20‐80 years), we applied four instruments to measure prospective memory: a traditional single‐task paradigm, two more complex tasks—one time‐based and one event‐based—and a highly complex multi‐task paradigm. We further assessed a broadly defined construct of executive functioning using several standard neuropsychological tests. Results showed that executive functioning did not predict performance in the simple single‐task paradigm. However, executive functioning, but not age, predicted performance in the two more complex standard tests of prospective remembering, and both executive functioning and age predicted performance in the most complex paradigm. In sum, the obtained data underline the assumption that frontal/ executive functions are related to prospective memory performance across a range of prospective paradigms. It also seems clear that age differences in prospective memory performance partially depend on age‐related individual differences in frontal/executive functions. 相似文献
182.
This research explores the adoption of the Web throughout the buying process within high‐value, high‐involvement product categories (the car sector). Diffusion of innovations (Rogers, 1983) and innovation resistance Ram and Sheth (1989) theories are utilised and found to be useful. The research is exploratory, based on eight qualitative, semi‐structured individual interviews with potential car buyers. Findings indicate that there is resistance to adopting online car purchase overall, but relative advantage is recognised at the early, information seeking stages. Consumers use the Web to improve the balance of power between themselves and car salespeople. Innovation resistance during later stages, result from the need for personal experience of the product prior to purchase, ie test driving, as well as the uncertainty regarding after‐sales support. Further resistance comes from a reluctance to give up the social aspects of car buying and a perceived inability to negotiate with websites. It is suggested that organisations operating in these markets should focus Web activities on information provision, or opt for a hybrid strategy using both online and offline channels. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
183.
The locus of semantic priming effects in person recognition 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Allan McNeill A. Mike Burton 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2002,55(4):1141-1156
Semantic priming in person recognition has been studied extensively. In a typical experiment, participants are asked to make a familiarity decision to target items that have been immediately preceded by related or unrelated primes. Facilitation is usually observed from related primes, and this priming is equivalent across stimulus domains (i.e., faces and names prime one another equally). Structural models of face recognition (e.g., IAC: Burton, Bruce, & Johnston, 1990) accommodate these effects by proposing a level of person identity nodes (PINs) at which recognition routes converge, and which allow access to a common pool of semantics. We present three experiments that examine semantic priming for different decisions. Priming for a semantic decision (e.g., British/American?) shows exactly the same pattern that is normally observed for a familiarity decision. The pattern is equivalent for name and face recognition. However, no semantic priming is observed when participants are asked to make a sex decision. These results constrain future models of face processing and are discussed with reference to current theories of semantic priming. 相似文献
184.
In conflict paradigms such as the Eriksen flanker task, interference has been found to be reduced under conditions of recent
and/or frequent cognitive conflict. Using a modified flanker task, we investigated the interplay of conflict recency and conflict
frequency by comparing the interference reductions following conflict trials under conditions in which conflict was either
frequent or infrequent overall, while controlling for stimulus and response feature repetitions to rule out nonattentional
accounts. The reduction of flanker interference after a conflict trial was attenuated when overall conflict was frequent.
This result is consistent with models assuming that processing adjustments occur gradually in response to conflict strength,
such as the connectionist model of Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, and Cohen (2001), in which both recency and frequency
modulations are brought about by the same mechanism. By decomposing response times into initiation times and movement times,
we revealed that frequent conflict delayed response initiation but sped up movement. Moreover, whereas frequent conflict reduced
interference in both components, interference reduction after individual conflict trials was confined to movement times. Taken
together, these results suggest that different mechanisms underlie the two kinds of modulation. 相似文献
185.
Mathiesen KS Sanson A Stoolmiller M Karevold E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):209-222
Using growth curve modeling, trajectories of undercontrolled (oppositional, irritable, inattentive and overactive behaviors)
and internalizing (worried, sad and fearful) problems from 18 months to 4.5 years were studied in a population based sample
of 921 Norwegian children. At the population level, undercontrolled problems decreased and internalizing problems increased
with increasing age. Child temperament and family factors present at 18 months predicted 43% of the stability and 20% of the
linear changes in undercontrolled problems and 30% of the stability and 7% of the linear changes in internalizing problems.
Persisting effects of child and family factors from 18 month were found on the two problem dimensions over and above the impact
of changes in the same risk factors. Lower initial level of partner support and higher initial level of child emotionality
predicted higher slope of undercontrolled problems and higher initial level of family stress predicted higher slope for internalizing
problems. As expected, time to time change (t1 to t2 and t2 to t3) in risk factors predicted time to time change in problem scores as well. The study shows the significance of early emerging
internalizing and undercontrolled problems, the need to consider their pathways separately from very young ages, lasting effects
of early experiences, and the importance of a dynamic approach to the analysis of risk. 相似文献
186.
Daniel Smilek Laura Weinheimer Donna Kwan Mike Reynolds Alan Kingstone 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(8):1793-1806
As an initial step toward developing a theory of visual concealment, we assessed whether people would use factors known to influence visual search difficulty when the degree of concealment of objects among distractors was varied. In Experiment 1, participants arranged search objects (shapes, emotional faces, and graphemes) to create displays in which the targets were in plain sight but were either easy or hard to find. Analyses of easy and hard displays created during Experiment 1 revealed that the participants reliably used factors known to influence search difficulty (e.g., eccentricity, target—distractor similarity, presence/absence of a feature) to vary the difficulty of search across displays. In Experiment 2, a new participant group searched for the targets in the displays created by the participants in Experiment 1. Results indicated that search was more difficult in the hard than in the easy condition. In Experiments 3 and 4, participants used presence versus absence of a feature to vary search difficulty with several novel stimulus sets. Taken together, the results reveal a close link between the factors that govern concealment and the factors known to influence search difficulty, suggesting that a visual search theory can be extended to form the basis of a theory of visual concealment. 相似文献
187.
188.
Tyler and Bies (1990) argue that how leaders enact and apply formal procedures can affect perceptions of procedural fairness as much as the formal procedures themselves. This study examined directly the extent to which workers see either formal policies and procedures or their supervisors as the source most responsible for the procedural fairness they receive in their performance evaluations. Group differences in these source perceptions between exempt and nonexempt workers were also explored. Results indicate that workers attribute the responsibility for procedural fairness jointly and independently to both their organization's formal policies and procedures and to their supervisors. Results at the group level of analysis indicate that nonexempt workers perceive formal policies and procedures to be more responsible for procedural fairness than do exempt workers. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
189.
We report two experiments that investigate the effect of an induced mood on the incidental learning of emotionally toned words. Subjects were put in a happy or sad mood by means of a suggestion technique and rated the emotional valence of a list of words. Later on, they were asked to recall the words in a neutral mood. For words with a strong emotional valence, mood-congruent learning was observed: strongly unpleasant words were recalled better by sad subjects and strongly pleasant words were recalled better by happy subjects. The reverse was true for slightly toned words: here, mood-incongruent learning was observed. Both effects are predicted by a two component processing model that specifies the effect of the mood on the cognitive processes during learning. Further evidence for the model is given by rating times measured in Experiment 2. 相似文献
190.