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131.
Fiona Gillison Mike Osborn Martyn Standage Suzanne Skevington 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(3):309-319
ObjectivesThe present study explored the experience of introjected regulation (i.e. a controlling motivational regulation in which people act due to internal pressures that are regulated by contingent self-esteem; [Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–56]) in relation to sport and exercise in mid-adolescence.MethodsAdolescents reporting strong introjected regulation of sport and/or exercise relative to their peers were identified using quantitative questionnaires, and invited for interview. Semi-structured interviews were recorded with 10 boys and 8 girls (mean age 14 years), transcribed verbatim, and analysed using an interpretive phenomenological approach.ResultsIntrojected regulation accompanied high levels of self-determined motivation, and was associated with high levels of physical activity in the present sample. Two major themes emerged: (i) gender differences in the basis for introjected regulation; and (ii) differences in the reasons and goals underpinning self-determined versus introjected regulations for exercise. In boys, introjected regulation was largely related to social factors, such as avoiding social disapproval and attaining ego enhancement. Girls rarely exercised with their friends, and introjected regulation more commonly reflected the partial internalization of a health and fitness rationale. In many cases, self-determined and introjected regulations were underpinned by different goals or reasons, supporting the importance of assessing an individual's multiple motives towards activities.ConclusionsIntrojected regulation for exercise was associated with higher than expected levels of participation in sport and exercise, regardless of whether it was founded on contingent self-worth, or the partial internalization of adaptive reasons for exercise. The implications of social control on future exercise participation are discussed. 相似文献
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133.
Realizing complex delayed intentions in young and old adults: The role of planning aids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although it has been suggested that the delayed realization of intended actions should benefit from appropriate intention planning, empirical evidence on this issue is scarce. In three experiments, we examined whether and which planning aids provided in the intention formation phase affect delayed intention realization in young and old adults. One finding was that intention planning directly affected delayed intention realization: instructing participants to include the cue for appropriate intention initiation in their plans benefited delayed performance. Another finding was that older adults' performance was improved when they were guided in structuring their plan in combination with guidance in implementing this plan after a delay. In sum, the results point to the importance of plan-related factors for understanding the delayed realization of intended actions. 相似文献
134.
Ellis R Tucker M Symes E Vainio L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):670-691
Four experiments are described in which 1 visual object (the target) was selected from another (the distractor) according to its color (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or its relative location (Experiment 3) and then was classified according to a simple geometric property. Object classification was signaled as fast as possible by a precision or power grip response, and this grip was either compatible or incompatible with either object. When targets were selected by color, target-compatible grip responses were facilitated, but distractor-compatible grip responses were impaired. When targets were selected by location, similar results were obtained for target-compatible grip responses, but not distractor-compatible grip responses. These data are explained in terms of the involvement of action codes in object-level selection. 相似文献
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138.
Barbara Wise Richard Olson Mike Anstett Lauralyn Andrews Maureen Terjak Vivian Schneider Julie Kostuch Laura Kriho 《Behavior research methods》1989,21(2):173-180
This paper discusses hardware choices, software developments, implementation issues, and preliminary results from an ongoing long-term remedial reading study. Reading-disabled children read books on microcomputers linked to speech synthesizers, obtaining speech feedback on difficult words at whole-word, syllable, or subsyllable levels of segmentation. Word-recognition ability and attitude about reading improved for children using the system. In addition, segmented feedback especially benefited phonological word-decoding skills for most of the children. 相似文献
139.
Principal components analysis (PCA) of face images is here related to subjects’ performance on the same images. In two experiments subjects were shown a set of faces and asked to rate them for distinctiveness. They were subsequently shown a superset of faces and asked to identify those that had appeared originally. Replicating previous work, we found that hits and false positives (FPs) did not correlate: Those faces easy to identify as being “seen” were unrelated to those faces easy to reject as being “unseen.” PCA was performed on three data sets: (1) face images with eye position standardized, (2) face images morphed to a standard template to remove shape information, and (3) the shape information from faces only. Analyses based on PCA of shape-free faces gave high predictions of FPs, whereas shape information itself contributed only to hits. Furthermore, whereas FPs were generally predictable from components early in the PCA, hits appeared to be accounted for by later components. We conclude that shape and “texture” (the image-based information remaining after morphing) may be used separately by the human face processing system, and that PCA of images offers a useful tool for understanding this system. 相似文献
140.
Summary Many studies of visual perception have used periodic stimuli such as sine-wave gratings and checker-board patterns. It is well known that reaction time (RT) to such stimuli increases with increasing spatial frequency and decreasing contrast. While this is the case with periodic stimuli it is not clear that these relationships obtain for aperiodic stimuli such as natural scenes. A digitized image of an object (a vase) was submitted to two-dimensional Fourier analysis. Four pairs of spatial frequency band-limited images were created for each image. Each pair consisted of a normal-phase (NP) and a scrambled-phase (SP) version, with the magnitude spectrum and space-averaged luminance the same within each pair. Filter band-widths were 1 octave wide. Manual RT was measured for onset and offset of each spatially filtered image. Mean RT for SP images increased significantly with increasing spatial frequency, while no other significant differences were found with the NP images. This suggests that the temporal processing of complex, aperiodic images is influenced by the spatial frequency and contrast of local regions within the image, rather than by the space-averaged contrast of the entire image, and cannot be predicted by global estimates of contrast and spatial frequency. 相似文献