Individual differences and interrelationships among a select set of cognitive skills

An experiment was conducted to investigate individual differences and interrelationships in performance on three short-term memory processing and visual processing tasks. Parameters of models for these tasks were correlated. High correlations (.97 and .83) were obtained for some intertask parameters. indicating that elemental component processes for different tasks can be identified that are similar or highly related. Psychometric measures (SATM and SATV) were also correlated with the information processing model parameters. High multiple correlations of SATV and SATM were obtained using model parameters as predictors. when the data were analyzed separately for female and male subjects. The results are suggestive of sex differences in the interrelationships of the cognitive processes under investigation.     

Accuracy and speed strategies in scanning active memory

The effect of speed and accuracy payoff on performance in a short-term memory scanning task was investigated under two conditions of familiarity of material and two conditions of payoff. Memory sets and probes were either drawn from a small well learned pool of words (thefamiliar set) or were sampled without replacement from a very large pool of words (theinfinite set). Under both payoffs the infinite memory sets were searched at a faster rate than the familiar sets. The speed payoff reduced the constant component of latencies and, contrary to previous findings, increased the rate of memory search for both sets. Errors increased from about 1% with accuracy payoff to 19% with speed payoff. Under speed payoff most of the errors were false positives for the familiar set and false negatives for the infinite set. Several models of the task were considered, but none proved entirely satisfactory.     

Processing time as influenced by the number of elements in a visual display

In a visual-detection experiment. a display of several letters was presented. and S was to report the presence or absence of a given target letter. Results clearly are incompatible with a self-terminating visual-scanning process as hypothesized by Sternberg (1967). Two models are considered. a serial exhaustive scanning process and a parallel exhaustive process, but findings from the present study do not provide a basis for differentiating between them.     

Signal recognition as influenced by presentation schedules

Performance in a recognition task involving two amplitudes of the same tone was investigaled over a wide range of presentation schedules. The task was arranged so that there was no trial-to-trial feedback or other information regarding the relative frequencies of the two tones. The hit and false alarm rates (the proportion of “loud” responses to loud and soft stimuli, respectively) on any given trial were strongly influenced by the stimulus and response on the preceding trial. In general, Ss tended to repeat the last response and were more accurate after a stimulus alternation than after a stimulus repetition. In addition, hit and false alarm rates were inversely related to the presentation probability of the loud tone, in contrast to the direct relation typically found in signal detection experiments and in recognition experiments with trial-to-trial feedback. A mathematical model incorporating three processes (memory, comparison, and decision) was shown to give a good account of these data.     

Influence of correlated visual cues on auditory signal detection

Two experiments investigated the effects on auditory signal detection of introducing visual cues that were partially correlated with the signal events. The results were analyzed in terms of a detection model that assumes that such cue-signal correlations will not affect sensitivity, but will instead cause the subject to develop separate response biases for each cue. The model specifies a functional relationship between the asymptotic values of these cuecontingent biases. The overall results of the experiments supported the detection assumptions of the model and the general bias learning assumption, but indicated a more complex learning process than that specified by the model.     

A generalization of stimulus sampling theory

A modification of stimulus sampling theory is presented. The restriction that each stimulus element is conditioned to one and only one response is replaced with the notion of a scale of conditioning for each element. This variation provides a context in which such variables as reward magnitude and motivation can be viewed as determiners of behavior. Some experimental results on multiple response problems also have a natural interpretation in terms of these ideas.     

The organization of verbs of knowing: Evidence for cultural commonality and variation in theory of mind

Cross-cultural commonality and variation in folk theories of knowing were studied by examining the organization of verbs of knowing in German and Japanese adults. German and Japanese adults performed one of two tasks: a similarity judgment task and an attribute rating task. Organizational structure was assessed for the similarity judgment task using multidimensional scaling and additive similarity tree analyses. The attribute rating task was used to describe the characteristics that organized the dimensions and clusters emerging from the scaling solutions. The folk theory of mind displayed was an information processing model with constructive components, although the constructive aspects were more salient for the Germans than for the Japanese.