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461.
462.
In this comment, it is argued that the modification of mental models theory of conditional inference proposed by P. Barrouillet, C. Gauffroy, and J.-F. Lecas to deal with truth value gaps merely patches up a problem in the theory, rather than accomplishing the fundamental and systematic revision that is necessary. It is argued that P. Barrouillet et al.'s modified mental model theory fails to meet the criteria of good theory of reasoning by invoking an algorithmic-level distinction to resolve a failing in the computational-level theory of the task. 相似文献
463.
Mike W. Martin 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(2):171-184
To get happiness forget about it; then, with any luck, happiness will come as a by-product in pursuing meaningful activities
and relationships. This adage is known as the paradox of happiness, but actually it contains a number of different paradoxes concerning aims, success, freedom, and attitudes.
These paradoxes enhance our understanding of the complexity of happiness and its interaction with other values in good lives,
that is, lives which are happy as well as morally decent, meaningful, and fulfilling. Yet, each paradox conveys a one-sided
truth that needs to be balanced with others. Happiness, understood as subjective well-being, involves positively evaluating
our lives and living with a sense of well-being. As such, it should not be confused with either pleasure or normative conceptions
of “true” happiness. 相似文献
464.
Current theories of cognitive control assume that processing selectivity is adjusted according to the utility of processing
task-irrelevant stimulus features. Consistently, interference evoked by flanker stimuli is reduced when the proportion of
incompatible trials—in which flankers are associated with an incorrect response—is increased. Consistent with the idea that
the cerebral hemispheres select processing strategies independently of each other, Corballis and Gratton (2003) demonstrated
that flanker interference for stimuli presented in either the left or right visual hemifield is affected by the ratio of compatible
and incompatible target-flanker pairings presented in the same—but not in the other—hemifield. Presenting stimuli at four
different locations, we demonstrated independent effects of the ratio of compatible and incompatible trials for stimulus locations
in different hemifields as well as for stimulus locations within the same hemifield. Independent selectivity adjustment regarding
the left and right visual hemifields thus appears to be a special case of a larger class of location-specific adaptation effects
and might not be informative regarding hemisphere-specific processing. 相似文献
465.
Szmalec A Duyck W Vandierendonck A Mata AB Page MP 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(3):435-443
The present study tests the hypothesis that a common ordering mechanism underlies both short-term serial recall of verbal materials and the acquisition of novel long-term lexical representations, using the Hebb repetition effect. In the first experiment, participants recalled visually presented nonsense syllables following a typical Hebb effect learning protocol. Replicating the Hebb repetition effect, we observed improved recall for repeated sequences of syllables. In the second experiment, the same participants performed an auditory lexical decision task, which included nonwords that were constructed from the syllables used in the first experiment. We observed inhibited rejection of nonwords that were composed of the repeated Hebb sequences, compared to nonwords that were built from nonrepeated filler sequences. This suggests that a long-term phonological lexical representation developed during Hebb learning. Accordingly, the relation between immediate serial recall and word learning is made explicit by arguing that the Hebb repetition effect is a laboratory analogue of naturalistic vocabulary acquisition. 相似文献
466.
ABSTRACT— We investigated the facial information that socially anxious and nonanxious individuals utilize to judge emotions. Using a reversed-correlation technique, we presented participants with face images that were masked with random bubble patterns. These patterns determined which parts of the face were visible in specific spatial-frequency bands. This masking allowed us to establish which locations and spatial frequencies were helping participants to successfully discriminate angry faces from neutral ones. Although socially anxious individuals performed as well as nonanxious individuals on the emotion-discrimination task, they did not utilize the same facial information for the task. The fine details (high spatial frequencies) around the eyes were discriminative for both groups, but only socially anxious participants additionally processed rough configural information (low spatial frequencies). 相似文献
467.
Heather Mann Jason Korzenko Jonathan S.A. Carriere Mike J. Dixon 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(3):619-627
Is synaesthesia cognitively useful? Individuals with time–space synaesthesia experience time units (such as months of the year) as idiosyncratic spatial forms, and report that these forms aid them in mentally organising their time. In the present study, we hypothesised that time–space synaesthesia would facilitate performance on a time-related cognitive task. Synaesthetes were not specifically recruited for participation; instead, likelihood of time–space synaesthesia was assessed on a continuous scale based on participants’ responses during a semi-structured interview. Participants performed a month-manipulation task, which involved naming every second month or every third month in reverse-chronological order, beginning and ending with a target month. Using hierarchical multiple regression, we found that time–space synaesthesia corresponded with faster performance on both versions of the task. We propose that time–space synaesthesia may expedite the cognitive manipulation of time-based information. Our results also indicate that synaesthesia is far less unusual than widely believed. 相似文献
468.
Mike W. L. Cheung 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):425-438
Mediation models are often used as a means to explain the psychological mechanisms between an independent and a dependent
variable in the behavioral and social sciences. A major limitation of the unstandardized indirect effect calculated from raw
scores is that it cannot be interpreted as an effect-size measure. In contrast, the standardized indirect effect calculated
from standardized scores can be a good candidate as a measure of effect size because it is scale invariant. In the present
article, 11 methods for constructing the confidence intervals (CIs) of the standardized indirect effects were evaluated via
a computer simulation. These included six Wald CIs, three bootstrap CIs, one likelihood-based CI, and the PRODCLIN CI. The
results consistently showed that the percentile bootstrap, the bias-corrected bootstrap, and the likelihood-based approaches
had the best coverage probability. Mplus, LISREL, and Mx syntax were included to facilitate the use of these preferred methods
in applied settings. Future issues on the use of the standardized indirect effects are discussed. 相似文献
469.
The notion of “the burden of proof” plays an important role in real-world argumentation contexts, in particular in law. It
has also been given a central role in normative accounts of argumentation, and has been used to explain a range of classic
argumentation fallacies. We argue that in law the goal is to make practical decisions whereas in critical discussion the goal
is frequently simply to increase or decrease degree of belief in a proposition. In the latter case, it is not necessarily
important whether that degree of belief exceeds a particular threshold (e.g., ‘reasonable doubt’). We explore the consequences
of this distinction for the role that the “burden of proof” has played in argumentation and in theories of fallacy. 相似文献
470.