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Re‐examination of Oostenbroek et al. (2016): evidence for neonatal imitation of tongue protrusion
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Andrew N. Meltzoff Lynne Murray Elizabeth Simpson Mikael Heimann Emese Nagy Jacqueline Nadel Eric J. Pedersen Rechele Brooks Daniel S. Messinger Leonardo De Pascalis Francys Subiaul Annika Paukner Pier F. Ferrari 《Developmental science》2018,21(4)
The meaning, mechanism, and function of imitation in early infancy have been actively discussed since Meltzoff and Moore's (1977) report of facial and manual imitation by human neonates. Oostenbroek et al. (2016) claim to challenge the existence of early imitation and to counter all interpretations so far offered. Such claims, if true, would have implications for theories of social‐cognitive development. Here we identify 11 flaws in Oostenbroek et al.'s experimental design that biased the results toward null effects. We requested and obtained the authors’ raw data. Contrary to the authors’ conclusions, new analyses reveal significant tongue‐protrusion imitation at all four ages tested (1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks old). We explain how the authors missed this pattern and offer five recommendations for designing future experiments. Infant imitation raises fundamental issues about action representation, social learning, and brain–behavior relations. The debate about the origins and development of imitation reflects its importance to theories of developmental science. 相似文献
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Evidence is emerging that exercise can reduce psychological distress in cancer patients undergoing treatment. The present study aimed to (qualitatively) explore the experiences of advanced disease cancer patients participating in a 6-week, 9-hours weekly, structured, group-based multidimensional exercise intervention while undergoing chemotherapy. Unstructured diaries from a purposive sample of three females and two males (28-52 years old) who participated in the program served as the database. Data were analyzed using a phenomenological, narrative method. The analysis yielded three themes: shifting position, self-surveillance, and negotiated strength. The intervention highlighted situations making it possible for the participants to negate psychological and physical constraints. The concept of structured exercise contains viable psychotherapeutic potentials by allowing the development of alternative bodily and mental realities complying with cancer patients' demands and abilities to regain autonomy and commitment to discover and adopt a sense of agency and shared self-reliance. 相似文献
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Mikael Stenmark 《Heythrop Journal》2000,41(2):187-198
Theological pragmatists like Daly, Kaufman, McFague and Reuther claim that the God we should believe in and the kind of images we should use to express our religious faith should be evaluated primarily on the basis of the consequences they have for the maintenance of certain political or moral values. These views are presented and critically evaluated. One difficulty is that their pragmatism seems to clash with our intuition and experience that there is no automatic fit between our moral aspirations and political visions, on the one hand, and how the world is actually structured, on the other. Their strong emphasis on political and moral considerations is, therefore, questionable and only plausible under certain specific circumstances. 相似文献
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The emotional salience of faces has previously been shown to induce memory distortions in recognition memory tasks. This event-related potential (ERP) study used repeated runs of a continuous recognition task with emotional and neutral faces to investigate emotion-induced memory distortions. In the second and third runs, participants made more false alarms to distracters (repeated from previous runs). Emotion did not modulate the amount of errors, but the extent to which recollection was employed to maximise performance as reflected in the putative ERP correlate of recollection; the parietal old–new effect. Targets from all stimulus classes (positive, negative, neutral) were associated with parietal ERP memory effects, but this was also the case for correctly rejected negative distracters. This suggests that recollection was strategically used to correctly reject negative distracters (recall-to-reject). This finding is consistent with the view that facilitated recollection of negative stimuli may be used to decrease the susceptibility to memory errors induced by emotional salience. 相似文献
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Mikael Hans Sodergren Felipe Orihuela-Espina James Clark Ara Darzi Guang-Zhong Yang 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(3):275-283
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) represents a new paradigm in minimally invasive surgery whereby an
operator uses a flexible instrument to navigate within an anatomical space. The flexible instrument is introduced via a natural
body orifice such as the mouth to perform an operative intervention controlled by the surgeon without making incisions in
the anterior abdominal wall. It differs from laparoscopic (traditional keyhole) surgery in two main ways: (1) the instruments
used in NOTES are not rigid as in laparoscopic surgery and not specifically designed for this application; and (2) there are
no incisions in the anterior abdominal wall. Disorientation during NOTES is a significant problem because as in laparoscopic
surgery the operator typically uses a 2D camera-monitor interface for visualisation by the camera at the site of the operation.
Furthermore, the positional cue offered by the external component (outside the body) of the camera is absent, and camera navigation
is more cumbersome. When the operator is disorientated, it is important to be able to re-orientate quickly to minimise potential
surgical errors. It is hypothesised that when surgeons become disorientated, there exist discrete patterns in psychophysical
behaviour which are associated with effective re-orientation, and that these patterns are recognisable. In this study, we
examine visual re-orientation behaviour in 18 subjects using eye-tracker data in a model comprised of selective image manipulation
of everyday objects in a box trainer. We characterise effective behaviour using a fixation sequence similarity-based hidden
Markov model. We show that the output of this algorithm is reliable in differentiating visual behavioural sequences, and that
there are specific behavioural patterns and strategies associated with successful re-orientation in this model. Good re-orientation
strategy appears to rely on identification and focus on a central object within the scene and judging position of its surrounding
peripheral objects, suggesting integration of both geometric and feature information in a systematic way. Using selective,
inconsistent feature cues for re-orientation were associated with less effective performance. 相似文献
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In this article, Dialogical sequence analysis (DSA) is introduced as a method in theory-based single case research. The structure of article is as follows: first, we will describe briefly the historical background of single case studies and their position as the foundation of psychoanalytic knowledge formation. Secondly, we will describe through Amalia X’s case how one psychoanalytic ‘specimen case’ has been used as a cornerstone for a comprehensive psychoanalytic process research model, the so called ‘Ulm model’. Amalia X is one of the most studied single cases internationally also outside psychoanalytic process study field. Thirdly, we will introduce the central theory and practice of DSA. Fourthly, in the last section of our article, we will show in practice how DSA can be used in the analysis of Amalia’s dream in the session 152. 相似文献
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Andrzej Werbart Mikael Hägertz Nadja Borg Ölander 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2018,48(4):241-251
Decades of psychotherapy research suggest that patient–therapist match accounts for outcome beyond single patient or therapist variables. This study examines the associations between different patterns of patient–therapist matching (in terms of orientation on relatedness or self-definition) and outcomes at termination of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Thirty-three patients and their therapists were classified as predominately anaclitic or introjective at baseline. Patients in the convergent patient–therapist dyads (both anaclitic or both introjective) showed significantly greater symptom reduction and increased developmental levels of representations of mother than patients in the complementary dyads (opposite personality configurations). Moreover, convergent patient–therapist match was connected with larger effect sizes on all outcome measures and lower proportion of non-improved patients. These findings suggest the importance of the therapists’ early adjusting their orientation on relatedness or self-definition to their patients’ predominant personality configuration in order to enhance treatment outcomes. 相似文献