排序方式: 共有101条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Marsolek CJ Schnyer DM Deason RG Ritchey M Verfaellie M 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(3):163-174
A fundamental question of memory is whether the representations of different items are stored in localist/discrete or superimposed/overlapping
manners. Neural evidence suggests that neocortical areas underlying visual object identification utilize superimposed representations
that undergo continual adjustments, but there has been little corroborating behavioral evidence. We hypothesize that the representation
of an object is strengthened, after it is identified, via small representational changes; this strengthening is responsible
for repetition priming for that object, but it should also be responsible for antipriming of other objects that have representations
superimposed with that of the primed object. Functional evidence for antipriming is reported in young adults, amnesic patients,
and matched control participants, and neurocomputational models. The findings from patients dismiss explicit memory explanations,
and the models fit the behavioral performance exceptionally well. Putative purposes of priming and comparisons with other
theories are discussed. Priming and antipriming may reflect ongoing adjustments of superimposed representations in neocortex. 相似文献
72.
Watson and Humphreys (1997) have proposed that prioritized selection of new over old elements occurs because observers can apply top-down inhibition to the locations of the old elements by a mechanism they refer to as visual marking. However, recent evidence has suggested that the top-down mechanism is questionable (Donk & Theeuwes, 2001). In the present study, we investigated whether prioritized selection of new over old elements occurs in a bottom-up or a top-down fashion. Observers were presented with displays containing one set of elements (old elements) followed, after a certain time interval, by a second set of elements (new elements). The observers were instructed to search for the presence of a target that was presented with equal probability among the old and the new elements (Experiments 1 and 2) or twice as often among the old elements than among the new elements (Experiment 3). The results show that new elements were prioritized for selection over old ones even though the observers had no incentive to do so. The results suggest that prioritized selection of new over old elements is not mediated by a top-down inhibition process, as was proposed by Watson and Humphreys (1997). Instead, prioritization of new elements appears to be a bottom-up process. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of models of attentional control. 相似文献
73.
Kremin H Akhutina T Basso A Davidoff J De Wilde M Kitzing P Lorenz A Perrier D van der Sandt-Koenderman M Vendrell J Weniger D Apt P Arabia C De Bleser R Cohen H Corbineau M Dolivet MC Hirsh K Lehoux E Metz-Lutz MN Montañes P Plagne S Polonskaya N Sirois M Stachowiak F Sweeney T Vish-Brink E 《Brain and cognition》2003,53(2):243-246
The well established effect of word frequency on adult's picture naming performance is now called into question. This is particularly true for variables which are correlated with frequency, as is the case of age of word acquisition. Since the work of [Carrol and White, 1973] there is growing agreement among researchers to confer an important role in lexical access to this variable. Indeed, it has been shown ( [Hodgson and Ellis, 1998]) that for normal English-speaking adults only the variables 'age-of-acquisition' and 'name agreement' are independent predictors of naming success among the various variables considered. However, when brain-damaged subjects with and without degenerative pathologies are studied, word frequency and word length as well as concept familiarity all give significant effects ( [Hirsh and Funnell, 1995]; [Lambon Ralph et al., 1998]; [Nickels and Howard, 1995]). Finally, it has been suggested that the production of specific error types may be related to such variables. According to [Nickels and Howard, 1994] the production of semantic errors is specifically affected by 'imageability' and in the recent study by [Kremin et al., 2001] 'age of acquisition' predicts (frank) word finding difficulties. 相似文献
74.
Talcott JB Gram A Van Ingelghem M Witton C Stein JF Toennessen FE 《Brain and language》2003,87(2):259-266
The mappings from grapheme to phoneme are much less consistent in English than they are for most other languages. Therefore, the differences found between English-speaking dyslexics and controls on sensory measures of temporal processing might be related more to the irregularities of English orthography than to a general deficit affecting reading ability in all languages. However, here we show that poor readers of Norwegian, a language with a relatively regular orthography, are less sensitive than controls to dynamic visual and auditory stimuli. Consistent with results from previous studies of English-readers, detection thresholds for visual motion and auditory frequency modulation (FM) were significantly higher in 19 poor readers of Norwegian compared to 22 control readers of the same age. Over two-thirds (68.4%) of the children identified as poor readers were less sensitive than controls to either or both of the visual coherent motion or auditory 2Hz FM stimuli. 相似文献
75.
Sex Roles - School misconduct is a threat to educational careers and learning. The present study sheds light on why male adolescents in particular are prone to school misconduct. Qualitative... 相似文献
76.
Adequate knowledge and personal attitudes towards DNA-testing are major determinants of optimal utilization of genetic testing.
This study aims to (1) assess the genetic knowledge and attitude towards genetic testing of patients with asthma, diabetes
mellitus type II and cardiovascular diseases, (2) determine whether their knowledge or attitude changed since 2002, and (3)
investigate the predictive role of knowledge on attitude. Data were collected within the Panel of Patients with Chronic Diseases
in 2002 and 2004, resulting in 398 data-pairs. Results show that factual knowledge mainly relates to associations between
genes and diseases, less is known on associations between genes, chromosomes, cells and body. The perceived knowledge on DNA-testing
has not increased since 2002. The attitude towards genetic testing also appeared to be rather consistent. Less perceived medical
genetic knowledge and more perceived social genetic knowledge were found predictive for a more reserved attitude towards genetic
testing. In conclusion, advanced developments in the field of genetics are not accompanied by increased knowledge of patients
with common multi-factorial diseases. The finding that more perceived social genetic knowledge results in more reluctance
can be considered an indicator for the necessity of social debates on genetic testing. 相似文献
77.
Marleen De Bolle Mieke Decuyper Barbara De Clercq Filip De Fruyt 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(7):935-948
Using a combined sample (N = 1,215) of referred children and children from the general population aged between 8 and 14 years, the present study addressed
two research goals: First, latent mean differences (depending on the individual’s sex or psychopathology level) in anxiety,
depression, Positive Affect (PA), Negative Affect (NA) and Physiological Hyperarousal (PH) were examined. Secondly, the structure
of anxiety and depression was investigated from a tripartite model perspective in boys and girls with high versus low levels
of psychopathology respectively. When relating the latent mean level differences in NA, PA, and PH with those in anxiety and
depression, the results suggest that higher levels (depending on the individual’s sex and psychopathology status) of anxiety
or depression are associated with higher levels of PH and lower levels of PA, whereas no consistent pattern was found between
mean level differences in NA on the one hand and mean level differences in anxiety/depression on the other. Results further
demonstrated that a better fit was obtained for the dual than for the unitary construct representation in boys or girls with
high or low levels of psychopathology, thereby suggesting that a valid distinction can be made between anxiety and depression
in children between 8 and 14 years old, irrespective of their sex or level of psychopathology. However, when looking at the
structural relations of the dual construct representation of anxiety and depression with NA, PA and PH in each of the four
groups separately, it became evident that the PH and PA tripartite dimensions could not account for the unique aspects of
anxiety and depression respectively. Moreover, PH rather than NA was found to be common for anxiety and depression. 相似文献
78.
79.
Mieke Verhaeghe Piet Bracke Wendy Christiaens 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(9):2295-2318
Numerous studies have revealed that stigmatization of persons with mental health problems has a large array of negative consequences. One outcome that has been largely neglected is client satisfaction. In this empirical study, the link between 3 types of stigma experiences and client satisfaction is explored in a sample of clients (N = 741) of professional mental health services in Belgium. This relationship is compared with the link between stigma and general life satisfaction; and the role of the self‐concept in these relationships is explored. The results reveal that the association depends on the dimension of stigma under study. The findings stress the importance of studying multiple dimensions of stigma experiences, in addition to multiple outcomes. 相似文献
80.
Rich contextual and semantic information can be extracted from only a brief presentation of a natural scene. This is presumed to be activated quickly enough to guide initial eye movements into a scene. However, early, short-latency eye movements in natural scenes have been shown to be dependent on the salience distribution across the image (Anderson, Ort, Kruijne, Meeter, & Donk, 2015). In the present work, we manipulated the salience distribution across a natural scene by changing the global contrast. We showed participants a brief real or nonsense preview of the scene and examined the time-course of eye movement guidance. A real preview decreased the latency and increased the amplitude of initial saccades into the image, suggesting that the preview allowed observers to obtain additional contextual information that would otherwise not be available. However, the preview did not completely override the initial tendency for short-latency saccades to be guided by the underlying salience distribution of the image. We discuss these findings in the context of oculomotor selection based on the integration of contextual information and low-level features in a natural scene. 相似文献