The limits of non-standard contingency

Philosophical Studies - Gideon Rosen has recently sketched an argument which aims to establish that the notion of metaphysical modality is systematically ambiguous. His argument contains a crucial...     

Strength of a Secondary Reinforcement as a Function of the Quality of Food Reward

Thirty-two children were presented 18 stories containing either a good, neutral, or negative act which was followed by either a reward or punishment. It was predicted that Ss' responses would be influenced by the sanctions. It was also predicted that the type of story (good, neutral, or bad) would influence the extent to which a child judged the act independent of the effects of the sanction (reward or punishment).

These predictions were supported. Ss made more positive responses to acts followed by reward than to those followed by punishment. However, an examination of a Content × Sanction interaction found the sanction of reward relatively ineffective for the stones with negative content.     

Majority Group Perceptions of Criminal Behavior: The Accuracy of Race-Related Crime Stereotypes1

Majority group perceptions regarding the relative frequency of crimes committed by various races and ethnic groups were examined. White-collar crimes such as embezzlement and fraud were ranked as more common for White criminals, and blue-collar crimes such as aggravated assault and motor vehicle theft were ranked as more common for Black criminals. Perceptions were subsequently compared with data from the Uniform Crime Reports for the U.S. (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). As a function of overestimating the number of white-collar crimes and underestimating the number of blue-collar and violent crimes committed by Whites, majority group subjects held somewhat more accurate perceptions of minority groups than of their own group.     

Are you better than me? Social comparisons in carrion crows (Corvus corone)

Animal Cognition - Comparing oneself to others is a key process in humans that allows individuals to gauge their performances and abilities and thus develop and calibrate their self-image. Little...