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271.
In 2008, nearly 31% of vehicle fatalities were related to failure to adhere to safe vehicle speeds (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA], 2009). The current study evaluated the effect of a rectangular rapid-flashing beacon (RRFB) triggered by excessive speed on vehicle speed using a combined alternating treatments and reversal design. The percentage of vehicles traveling above 41 mph (66 km per hour) decreased by 20%, and speed distributions showed a shift toward lower speeds during the RRFB condition. 相似文献
272.
Grouping and boundary perception are central to many aspects of sensory processing in cognition. We present a comparative study of recently published computational models of boundary perception in music. In doing so, we make three contributions. First, we hypothesise a relationship between expectation and grouping in auditory perception, and introduce a novel information-theoretic model of perceptual segmentation to test the hypothesis. Although we apply the model to musical melody, it is applicable in principle to sequential grouping in other areas of cognition. Second, we address a methodological consideration in the analysis of ambiguous stimuli that produce different percepts between individuals. We propose and demonstrate a solution to this problem, based on clustering of participants prior to analysis. Third, we conduct the first comparative analysis of probabilistic-learning and rule-based models of perceptual grouping in music. In spite of having only unsupervised exposure to music, the model performs comparably to rule-based models based on expert musical knowledge, supporting a role for probabilistic learning in perceptual segmentation of music. 相似文献
273.
274.
Michelle Noonan Helen Lindner Karen Walker 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2010,28(2):73-86
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a poorly understood illness that is characterized by profound and prolonged exhaustion and
has no clear pathological marker. This study investigated the role of illness severity and secondary beliefs in depression
among a CFS cohort, using the A–B–C framework of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy. Empirical research has consistently
found that CFS patients tend to hold more negative cognitions about their illness, which could be associated with greater
severity and emotional deficits. Specifically, secondary beliefs were explored as a mediating factor; as evidence suggests
that secondary beliefs can result in dysfunctional emotions and/or behaviors, such as depression. Furthermore, it is estimated
that up to 80% of CFS patients concurrently have depression. There were 156 participants with CFS who completed a questionnaire
pack, which included the revised version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Secondary Beliefs Scale (SBS), and the
Cardiac Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that secondary beliefs mediated the relationship between
illness severity and depression. Specifically, the approval and comfort subscales of the SBS were significantly associated
with depression. The current findings indicated that secondary beliefs could be an important focus in treatment of depression
in chronic illness. As the mediating role of secondary beliefs is a new research finding, it is advised that further exploratory
research is required. 相似文献
275.
Garry B. Hall Maureen F. Dollard Michelle R. Tuckey Anthony H. Winefield Briony M. Thompson 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2010,83(1):237-250
We propose and test a comprehensive theory designed to explain seemingly contradictory relations between job demands, emotional exhaustion, and work‐family conflict (WFC) reported in the literature. Using job demands‐resources theory, effort‐recovery theory, and personal resources theory we hypothesized that job demands would spillover to emotional exhaustion as mediated by WFC (causality model), and alternatively that job demands would also spillover to WFC as mediated by emotional exhaustion (reverse causal model). Further, we also hypothesized using loss spiral theory that a more comprehensive model representing reciprocal and cross‐linked effects (causal and reverse causal simultaneously) would best fit the data. The hypotheses were tested in a longitudinal study of 257 Australian (Victorian) frontline police officers at two time points approximately 12 months apart. We used structural equation modelling and found in support of the simultaneous reciprocal effects hypothesis, that the more comprehensive model fitted the data better than either the causality or the reverse causal model. Future research should more comprehensively model the important relationships between job demands, emotional exhaustion, and WFC to reflect their complex interplay. Interventions to reduce work demands arising from work pressure and emotional demands are indicated to prevent conflict at home and emotional exhaustion in police officers. 相似文献
276.
Kendra L. Marvin John T. Rapp Michelle T. Stenske Nairim R. Rojas Greg J. Swanson Sara M. Bartlett 《Behavioral Interventions》2010,25(2):109-127
We evaluated the effects of response repetition (RR) as an error‐correction procedure for increasing sight‐word reading for four individuals using a multiple baseline design. The results for each participant showed that correct responding increased following the introduction of the RR procedure. In addition, responding for three of four participants showed evidence of stimulus generalization, response generalization, or both. Likewise, we found that comparable behavior changes were produced when a participant's paraprofessional implemented RR in a typical classroom. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of procedures that promote behavior acquisition and generalization via negative reinforcement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
277.
Ackerman ML Vance DE Wadley VG Ball KK 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2010,13(5):307-314
These secondary analyses were conducted to identify predictors of self-rated driving ability over three years in community-dwelling older adults. From the Staying Keen in Later Life (SKILL) study, baseline and 3-year follow-up data for 426 older drivers were analyzed. Health, visual, physical, psychological and cognitive abilities were examined as prospective predictors of self-rated driving ability over a 3-year period, controlling for baseline self-rated driving. Results indicated that lower baseline ratings of self-efficacy and a diagnosis of osteoporosis independently predicted lower self-rated driving ability at 3-year follow-up. Interestingly, functional performance, such as visual, physical and cognitive abilities, were not predictive of self-ratings of driving ability across three years. Older drivers' self-ratings are more reflective of perceived self-efficacy rather than functional abilities. Self-screening tools for older drivers may be effective in improving the correspondence between perceived ability and actual ability in order to promote better informed decisions about driving regulation. 相似文献
278.
This paper describes the establishment of and the issues experienced by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of a Business
School within a University in Ireland. It identifies the issue of voluntarily given informed consent as a key challenge for RECs operating in a Business School context. The paper argues that whilst the typology of ethical
issues in business research are similar to the wider social sciences, the fact that much research is carried out in the workplace
adds to the complexity of the REC deliberations. The use of deception in the design of research studies, pestering the local
community and the potential for harm to the researcher are also discussed briefly in the context of business research. The
experiences of the authors’, two of whom have served as respective chairpersons of the business school REC since its inception
in addition to being members of the university level REC, inform the discussion. 相似文献
279.
Leynes PA Phillips MC 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):741-751
The source monitoring framework (SMF; M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993) posits that source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. Source judgments were made for words heard at study (male or female voice) followed by remember/know (RK) judgments in order to assess differences in degrees of recollection during source monitoring (J. L. Hicks, R. L. Marsh, & L. Ritschel, 2002). The neural correlate of recollection was examined by contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for R and K responses that followed accurate source judgments. The recollection ERP effect was greater for R than K responses but greater for K responses than correct rejections, which reinforces the behavioral evidence that indicates source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. A robust late posterior negativity ERP effect was present and began earlier for accurate source judgments given subsequent R than K responses. This is interpreted as reflecting systematic decision processes that are described by the SMF. 相似文献
280.
Cunningham CE Deal K Rimas H Buchanan DH Gold M Sdao-Jarvie K Boyle M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1123-1138
Although materials informing parents about children’s mental health (CMH) problems can improve outcomes, we know relatively
little about the design factors that might influence their utilization of available resources. We used a discrete choice conjoint
experiment to model the information preferences of parents seeking mental health services for 6 to 18 year olds. Parents completed
30 choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of 20 four-level CMH information content, transfer process,
and outcome attributes. Latent class analysis revealed three segments with different preferences. Parents in the Action segment
(43%) chose materials providing step-by-step solutions to behavioral or emotional problems. They preferred weekly meetings
with other parents and coaching calls from a therapist. The Information segment (41%) chose materials helping them understand
rather than solve their child’s problems. These parents were more sensitive to logistical factors such as receiving information
in groups, the location where information was available, the modality in which the information was presented, and the time
required to obtain and use the information. The Overwhelmed segment (16%) reported more oppositional and conduct problems,
felt their children’s difficulties exerted a greater adverse impact on family functioning, and reported higher personal depression
scores than those in the Action or Information segments. Nonetheless, they did not choose information about, or solutions
to, the problems their children presented. Simulations predicted that maximizing utilization and realizing the potential benefits
of CMH information would require knowledge transfer strategies consistent with each segment’s preferences.
相似文献
Charles E. CunninghamEmail: |