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871.
The authors developed an evaluation scale for sit-stand from the ground for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and tested its reliability. The construction occurred in stages: (a) the characterization of the movement in healthy children, (b) the characterization of the movement in children with DMD, (c) the elaboration of the 1st version of the scale and the manual, (d) the evaluation by experts and readjustments, and (e) the analysis of inter- and intraexaminer reliability and correlation with the Vignos Scale, age, and time for the execution of the activity. The scale comprehended 3 phases for sitting and 5 for the standing. A very good repeatability of the measures of sitting and standing (ICC = 0.89 and 0.84, respectively) and excellent reproducibility (ICC = 0.93 and 0.92, respectively) was demonstrated. The Kappa coefficient for the 8 phases in the interexaminer analysis varied from 0.77 to 1.00 (excellent reliability), and in the intraexaminer analysis varied from 0.80 to 1.00 (excellent reliability). Good correlation was found between the variables on the Vignos Scale (age: r = 0.58; stand: r = 0.56). The scale is a reliability instrument that allows evaluation of the activity of sitting and standing in children with DMD. 相似文献
872.
873.
874.
Williams DC Saunders KJ Perone M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,95(2):203-220
We conducted three experiments to reproduce and extend Perone and Courtney's (1992) study of pausing at the beginning of fixed-ratio schedules. In a multiple schedule with unequal amounts of food across two components, they found that pigeons paused longest in the component associated with the smaller amount of food (the lean component), but only when it was preceded by the rich component. In our studies, adults with mild intellectual disabilities responded on a touch-sensitive computer monitor to produce money. In Experiment 1, the multiple-schedule components differed in both response requirement and reinforcer magnitude (i.e., the rich component required fewer responses and produced more money than the lean component). Effects shown with pigeons were reproduced in all 7 participants. In Experiment 2, we removed the stimuli that signaled the two schedule components, and participants' extended pausing was eliminated. In Experiment 3, to assess sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude versus fixed-ratio size, we presented conditions with equal ratio sizes but disparate magnitudes and conditions with equal magnitudes but disparate ratio sizes. Sensitivity to these manipulations was idiosyncratic. The present experiments obtained schedule control in verbally competent human participants and, despite procedural differences, we reproduced findings with animal participants. We showed that pausing is jointly determined by past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions. 相似文献
875.
Anthony Marc Williams 《The Journal of value inquiry》2011,45(3):267-277
876.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(1):179-193
In this article, I offer a pastoral analysis of the three interrelated pillars of U.S. hegemony, namely, “free market” capitalism,
militarism, and exceptionalism. My claims are that these pillars 1) were and are integral to the rise and maintenance of the
U.S. Empire or the U.S. as hyperpower, 2) while beneficial to some U.S. citizens (as well as Western Europeans) and accidentally
to other peoples, have significant and extensive detrimental and long-term consequences for other peoples, and 3) represent
fundamentally and profoundly flawed symbol systems vis-à-vis creating social policies and programs that involve the common
good or foster community. I argue further that the fusion of these symbol systems—free market capitalism, militarism, and
exceptionalism—gives rise to the interpretation of the Other as functional and is inherently flawed and dangerous, because
these systems lead to controlling, manipulating, using, or destroying the Other. If the notion of the common good is to expand
beyond the narrow confines of corporations or a nation and if we seek a good enough society that fosters diverse communities,
then these semiotic systems must be subordinate to religious or humanistic symbol systems that elevate the personhood of the
Other. 相似文献
877.
Hadjistavropoulos T Craig KD Duck S Cano A Goubert L Jackson PL Mogil JS Rainville P Sullivan MJ de C Williams AC Vervoort T Fitzgerald TD 《Psychological bulletin》2011,137(6):910-939
We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience. 相似文献
878.
In this article, we describe an ontology aimed at the representation of the relevant entities and relations in the philosophical
world. We will guide the reader through our modeling choices, so to highlight the ontology’s practical purpose: to enable
an annotation of philosophical resources which is capable of supporting pedagogical navigation mechanisms. The ontology covers
all the aspects of philosophy, thus including characterizations of entities such as people, events, documents, and ideas.
In particular, here we will present a detailed exposition of the entities belonging to the idea branch of the ontology, for they have a crucial role in the world of philosophy. Moreover, as an example of the type of applications
made possible by the ontology we will introduce PhiloSurfical, a prototype tool we created to navigate contextually a classic work in twentieth century philosophy, Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. We discuss the potential usage
of such navigation mechanisms in educational and scholarly contexts, which aim to enhance the learning process through the
serendipitous discovery of relevant resources. 相似文献
879.
Working memory decay in advanced age has been attributed to a concurrent decrease in the ability to control interference.
The present study contrasted a form of interference control in selective attention that acts upon the perception of external
stimuli (access) with another form that operates on internal representations in working memory (deletion), in order to determine
both of their effects on working memory efficiency in younger and older adults. Additionally, we compared memory performance
under these access and deletion functions to performance in their respective control conditions. The results indicated that
memory accuracy improved in both age groups from the access functions, but that only young adults benefited from the deletion
functions. In addition, intrusion effects in the deletion condition were larger in older than in younger adults. The ability
to control the irrelevant perception- and memory-elicited interference did not decline in general with advancing age; rather,
the control mechanisms that operate on internal memory representations declined specifically. 相似文献
880.
When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One
hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence
toward the stimuli associated with such situations. Accordingly, merely using a dysfunctional, ‘slow’ computer mouse causes
participants to dislike ambient neutral images (Study 1). In Study 2, nonsense shapes were liked less when associated with
effortful processing (135° of mental rotation) versus easier processing (45° of rotation). Complementing ‘fluency’ effects
found in perceptuo-semantic research, valence emerged from action-related processing in a principled fashion. The findings
imply that negative valence associations may underlie avoidance motivations, and have practical implications for educational/workplace
contexts in which effort and positive affect are conducive to success. 相似文献