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171.
Michele Vecchione Shalom S. H. Schwartz 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2022,113(3):630-652
Using data from two studies, we investigate the role of basic values in predicting academic achievement. We focus on self-direction and conformity, two-value domains that have been neglected or understudied in earlier research on academic success. In line with the refined value theory, we split self-direction into independence of thought and of action, and conformity into compliance with rules and formal obligations (Rules), and avoidance of upsetting others (Interpersonal). We obtained grades as measures of academic achievement in two samples of Italian high-school students. In Study 1 (n = 234), we measured values with the PVQ-40 and academic motivation. In Study 2 (n = 215), we measured values with the PVQ-RR and both attendance rates and classroom conduct. Results: Both self-direction–thought and conformity–rules correlated with higher grades. These two values related to grades through a different path. Self-direction thought promoted grades through autonomous forms of academic motivation. Conformity rules promoted grades through better teachers’ evaluations of students’ classroom behaviour. Self-direction–action and conformity–interpersonal were unrelated to grades. Regarding the other values, hedonism and stimulation related negatively to grades. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed. 相似文献
172.
In Atkins v. Virginia 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits executing offenders who are mentally retarded. Rather than adopting a uniform definition of mental retardation, the court charged each state with defining mental retardation in a manner that enforces the constitutional restriction. An unanswered question is how states define mental retardation after Atkins, which has implications for capital defendants and forensic evaluators who conduct capital mitigation evaluations. This project identified the statutory definitions of mental retardation in each state, and grouped the definitions based on consistency with accepted clinical criteria for mental retardation. Results show that definitions of mental retardation vary considerably by state. The large majority of states, both overall and specifically among death penalty states, use criteria for mental retardation that are not entirely consistent with accepted clinical standards. As such, it is not clear whether the majority of states are effectuating the intent of Atkins. The implications of these findings for both policy and practice are discussed. 相似文献
173.
Overcoming adolescents' resistance to anti-inhalant appeals. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William D Crano Jason T Siegel Eusebio M Alvaro Neil M Patel 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(4):516-524
This research was concerned with factors that affect adolescents' evaluations of persuasive anti-inhalant messages and the association of these evaluations with usage intentions. Sixth and 7th graders (N=894) received anti-inhalant messages that varied as a result of the factorial combination of message source (doctor or peer), suggested harm (social or physical), and target (message was addressed directly or indirectly to receivers). Manipulated variables were crossed with inhalant-user status (resolute nonuser, vulnerable nonuser, and user). Significant (p<.01) target and status effects on message evaluation were found. Significant interactions of status with each of the manipulated variables also emerged. Users were resistant to threatened physical harms, but suggested harms did not differentially affect resolute nonusers or vulnerable nonusers. Users and vulnerable nonusers evaluated the message more positively when targeted indirectly (p<.05). Vulnerable nonusers were more receptive to peer sources, whereas users preferred adult sources. Message evaluation was significantly associated with inhalant usage intentions (r=-.22), and this association held even after the contributions of sex, sensation seeking, acculturation, prior use, familism, and assumed peer usage were accounted for in a multiple regression analysis (overall R(2)=.24). 相似文献
174.
Rachel B. Tambling Lee N. Johnson G. Bowden Templeton Michele Santilli Melton 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2007,29(3):177-183
To meet the needs of clients, mental health clinics must offer responsive, organized intake procedures. Clients who receive
rapid intervention when they request therapy services are more likely to attend and benefit from therapy. The present study
examined the effects of implementing a web-based scheduling program on treatment delays and first session attendance. Results
indicated that the use of a web-based scheduling system significantly reduced the number of days clients waited for a first
appointment and increased the number of kept appointments. Additionally, clients provided with an immediate response to their
request for treatment successfully terminated from therapy after fewer sessions. 相似文献
175.
Dominguez FJ Lawrence C Halpern EF Drohan B Grinstein G Black DM Smith BL Gadd MA Specht M Kopans DB Moore RH Hughes SS Roche CA Hughes KS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):341-345
The self-reporting of cancer history is becoming increasingly important, as it frequently guides medical decision-making.
We studied the accuracy of personal cancer history using a self-administered questionnaire, comparing the results with the
Tumor Registry at our institution. Among 39,662 records, we identified 3614 women with a single cancer in the Tumor Registry
who reported none or one cancer on their questionnaire. The sensitivity in self-reporting cancers was 85.7%, ranging from
92.1% for breast cancer to 42.9% for leukemia. The accuracy for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma was significantly better
than other cancers (p=0.00027, CI: 1.4–3.88). Analysis of patient's characteristics showed that Caucasians reported breast cancer more accurately
than Asian/Pacific Islanders (p=0.008), and those with Jewish ancestry more accurately than non-Jewish (p=0.0435). These results will help us to improve data collection and thus improve medical decision-making. 相似文献
176.
This study evaluated the effects of two satiation procedures, large portions and supplementary feedings, as interventions for rumination maintained by automatic reinforcement for an individual with developmental disabilities. Results showed that supplemental feedings produced a greater reduction in the rate of rumination than the large portions treatment. Additionally, 30 min supplemental feedings were more effective than 15 min supplemental feedings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
177.
The thesis that we can visually perceive causal relations is distinct from the thesis that visual experiences can represent causal relations. I defend the latter thesis about visual experience, and argue that although they are suggestive, the data provided by Albert Michotte's experiments on perceptual causality do not establish this thesis. Turning to the perception of causality, I defend the claim that we can perceive causation against the objection that its arcane features are unlikely to be represented in experience. 相似文献
178.
Joanne Gallagher-Duffy Sherri MacKay Jim Duffy Meara Sullivan-Thomas Michele Peterson-Badali 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1165-1176
Fire interest is a risk factor for firesetting. This study tested whether a fire-specific emotional Stroop task can effectively
measure an information-processing bias for fire-related stimuli. Clinic-referred and nonreferred adolescents (aged 13–16 years)
completed a pictorial “Fire Stroop,” as well as a self-report fire interest questionnaire and several control tasks. Results
showed (a) comparatively greater fire-specific attentional bias among referred adolescent firesetters, (b) a negative relationship
between Fire Stroop attentional bias and self-reported fire interest, and (c) positive correspondence between Fire Stroop
attentional bias and self-reported firesetting frequency. These findings suggest that instruments that measure an automatic
bias for fire-specific stimuli may usefully supplement self-report measures in the assessment and understanding of firesetting
behavior. 相似文献
179.
Michele Acker 《Sex roles》2009,61(7-8):476-490
Although breastfeeding is encouraged by the medical community, many women do not breastfeed because of perceived social sanctions. This experiment examines the level of positive evaluations, negative affect, and normalcy accorded a woman who is breastfeeding. 106 undergraduates and 80 older adults from the Midwestern U.S. were shown photos of a woman breastfeeding in public or private. It was hypothesized that the breastfeeding mother would be seen more positively when breastfeeding in private than in public, and that this response would be moderated by participants’ familiarity with breastfeeding, gender, and levels of benevolent and hostile sexism. Results supported these predictions. Three explanations for the negative view of public breastfeeding are discussed: familiarity, sexist attitudes, and hypersexualization of the breast. 相似文献
180.
Children's developing understanding that words have conventional meanings and objects have conventional functions emerges in parent-child activity and conversation. Drawing on family conversations in everyday settings, the chapter explores an apparent paradox between a global analysis of conventionality as stable shared knowledge and a local notion of conventions as flexibly negotiated in activity. 相似文献