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241.
Kandel S Peereman R Grosjacques G Fayol M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(4):1310-1322
This study examined the theoretical controversy on the impact of syllables and bigrams in handwriting production. French children and adults wrote words on a digitizer so that we could collect data on the local, online processing of handwriting production. The words differed in the position of the lowest frequency bigram. In one condition, it coincided with the word's syllable boundary. In the other condition, it was located before the syllable boundary. The results yielded higher movement durations at the position where the low-frequency bigram coincided with the syllable boundary compared to where the low-frequency bigram appeared before the syllable boundary. Syllable-oriented strategies failed with the presence of a very low-frequency bigram within the initial syllable. Further analysis showed that children in grades 3 and 4 privileged syllable-oriented programming strategies. The production times of children in grade 4 were also affected by syllable frequency and, to a lesser extent, bigram frequency. The adults writing durations were modulated by bigram frequency. Therefore, both bigrams and syllables regulate handwriting production although the influence of bigrams was stronger in adults than children. In the light of these results, we propose a psycholinguistic model of handwriting production. 相似文献
242.
Shaul Shalvi Jason Dana Michel J.J. Handgraaf Carsten K.W. De Dreu 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011
Employing a die-under-cup paradigm, we study the extent to which people lie when it is transparently clear they cannot be caught. We asked participants to report the outcome of a private die roll and gain money according to their reports. Results suggest that the degree of lying depends on the extent to which self-justifications are available. Specifically, when people are allowed to roll the die three times to ensure its legitimacy, but only the first roll is supposed to “count,” we find evidence that the highest outcome of the three rolls is reported. Eliminating the ability to observe more than one roll reduces lying. Additional results suggest that observing desired counterfactuals, in the form of additional rolls not meant to determine pay, attenuates the degree to which people perceive lies as unethical. People seem to derive value from self-justifications allowing them to lie for money while feeling honest. 相似文献
243.
It is known that people covertly attend to threatening stimuli even when it is not beneficial for the task. In the current study we examined whether overt selection is affected by the presence of an object that signals threat. We demonstrate that stimuli that signal the possibility of receiving an electric shock capture the eyes more often than stimuli signalling no shock. Capture occurred even though the threat-signalling stimulus was neither physically salient nor task relevant at any point during the experiment. Crucially, even though fixating the threat-related stimulus made it more likely to receive a shock, results indicate that participants could not help but doing it. Our findings indicate that the presence of a stimulus merely signalling the possibility of receiving a shock is prioritised in selection, and exogenously captures the eyes even when this ultimately results in the execution of the threat (i.e. receiving a shock). Oculomotor capture was particularly pronounced for the fastest saccades which is consistent with the idea that threat influences visual selection at an early stage of processing, when selection is mainly involuntarily. 相似文献
244.
Annie Renouf Mara Brendgen Jean R. Séguin Frank Vitaro Michel Boivin Ginette Dionne Richard E. Tremblay 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1109-1123
This study investigated the relation between theory of mind and reactive and proactive aggression, respectively, as well as
the moderating role of peer victimization in this context. The 574 participants were drawn from a longitudinal study of twins.
Theory of mind was assessed before school entry, when participants were 5 years old. Reactive and proactive aggression as
well as peer victimization were assessed a year later in kindergarten. Results from multilevel regression analyses revealed
that low theory of mind was related to a high level of reactive aggression, but only in children who experienced average to
high levels of peer victimization. In contrast, a high theory of mind was related to a high level of proactive aggression.
Again, this relation was especially pronounced in children who experienced high levels of peer victimization. These findings
challenge the social skills deficit view of aggression and provide support for a multidimensional perspective of aggressive
behavior. 相似文献
245.
Handedness is a developmental phenomenon that becomes distinctively identifiable during infancy. Although infant hand-use preferences sometimes have been reported as unstable, other evidence demonstrates that infant hand-use preference for apprehending objects can be reliably assessed during the second half of the infant's first year of life. The current study provides further insight into the stability of prehension preferences. We modeled individual and group level patterns of prehension handedness during the period from 6 to 14 months of age. We examined the developmental trajectories for prehension handedness in relation to the sampling rate at which preferences are assessed. The results revealed interesting developmental changes in prehension handedness that can only be identified when using monthly sampling intervals. We conclude that using non-linear multilevel models of infant handedness with monthly sampling intervals permit us to accurately capture the developmental changes in manual skills that occur during this period of infancy. 相似文献
246.
The study was designed to examine people's perceptions of women's and men's worry about life issues and self-perceptions of
worry. Some undergraduates (n = 498) rated typical women's or men's worry, and others (n = 396) rated significant others' worry based on the Worry Domain Questionnaire (Tallis, Eysenck, & Mathews, 1992). As expected,
participants perceived women as worrying more than men do about relationships, when they rated typical or significant others.
As well, they rated typical men as worrying more than typical women about achievement and finances. Participants who rated
significant others' worry also rated their own worry and parallel findings were expected. However, women tended to report
more worry about achievement than men did. Overall, the findings indicate that the better people know their targets, the less
likely they are to perceive their worry in gender stereotypical terms.
This article is partially based on Wendy-Jo Wood's Master's thesis. 相似文献
247.
248.
249.
Michel Morange 《Synthese》2006,151(3):355-360
It is frequently said that biology is emerging from a long phase of reductionism. It would be certainly more correct to say that biologists are abandoning a certain form of reductionism. We describe this past form, and the experiments which challenged the previous vision. To face the difficulties which were met, biologists use a series of concepts and metaphors - pleiotropy, tinkering, epigenetics - the ambiguity of which masks the difficulties, instead of solving them. In a similar way, the word “post-genomics” has different meanings, depending upon who uses it. Which of these meanings will become dominant in the future is an open question. 相似文献
250.
Solange Mardaga Olivier Laloyaux Michel Hansenne 《Personality and individual differences》2006,40(8):1603-1614
Several studies found strong relationships between main personality dimensions and emotions, and more particularly between neuroticism and negative emotions, as well as between extraversion and positive ones. In these studies, personality was mainly assessed with respect to the big five model, and emotions were evaluated with subjective rating scales. To extend the exploration of the associations between personality and emotion, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between Cloninger’s dimensions of personality and emotional reactivity assessed by skin conductance response (SCR). In 55 normal subjects, SCR was recorded while they were presented pictures selected as positive, negative and neutral from the International Affective Picture System. The results showed no influence of personality on response magnitude, but subjects with higher harm avoidance scores showed longer half-recovery times for negative relative to neutral pictures. This result is consistent with the dispositional bias of harm avoidance to respond intensely to signals of aversive stimuli. 相似文献