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631.
Eva Michel Marianne Roethlisberger Regula Neuenschwander Claudia M. Roebers 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(2):151-172
The current study presents a 1-year follow-up investigation of the development of executive functions (i.e., inhibition, updating, and shifting) in children with motor coordination impairments. Cognitive and motor coordination skills of children (N = 94) aged between 5 and 7 years with and without motor coordination impairments were compared. A second focus of the study was on pre-academic skills. The results indicate marked stability of motor coordination impairments and persistent executive functioning deficits in motor-impaired children. Inhibition and shifting performance was consistently lower, compared to the children without motor coordination impairments. Moreover, children with motor coordination impairments showed lower pre-academic skills, facing a substantial disadvantage at the beginning of formal schooling. The combined cognitive and motor problems may be the result of an underlying inhibition deficit or a general automation deficit. Implications for intervention are discussed. 相似文献
632.
Human expertise at processing faces relies on how facial features are encoded: as a whole template rather than as a sum of independent features. This holistic encoding is less prominent for other-race faces, possibly accounting for the difficulty one encounters in recognizing these faces (the ‘other-race effect’). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of holistic face encoding can be modulated by racial categorization of the face. Caucasian participants performed a face-composite task with ‘racially-ambiguous’ face-stimuli (cross-race morphed faces, equally categorized as Asian or Caucasian faces in an independent task). The perceived race of the ambiguous faces was manipulated using adaptation. Experiment 1 showed that identical morphed face-stimuli were processed more holistically when perceived as ‘same-race’ than as ‘other-race’, i.e., following adaptation to ‘other-race’ versus ‘same-race’, respectively. Experiment 2 ascertained that the determining factor in the observed holistic processing modulation was the race of the racially-ambiguous face as perceived, rather than expected, by the participants, which supports the idea that the holistic processing of the face-stimuli was modulated by their race-categorization at the perceptual level. 相似文献
633.
Marie-Claude Gaudet Michel Tremblay Olivier Doucet 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(6):897-914
Using data collected from three different sources (N = 294), we examined a model in which perceived organizational justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) and emotional exhaustion mediate the relationship between contingent reward leadership (CRL) and two performance indicators, namely organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) and absenteeism. We found that procedural justice mediates the negative relationship between CRL and emotional exhaustion while controlling for work overload and transformational leadership. We also found that emotional exhaustion plays a mediating role in the relationship between two dimensions of justice (procedural and interactional) and both OCB and absenteeism. Interactional justice and distributive justice were also directly linked to OCB. Implications of these findings for research on leadership, psychological health, and organizational justice are discussed. 相似文献
634.
Fabian Gander René T. Proyer Willibald Ruch Tobias Wyss 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2013,14(4):1241-1259
The impact of nine strengths-based positive interventions on well-being and depression was examined in an Internet-based randomized placebo-controlled study. The aims of the study were to: (1) replicate findings on the effectiveness of the gratitude visit, three good things, and using character strengths interventions; (2) test variants of interventions (noting three good things for 2 weeks; combining the gratitude visit and three good things interventions; and noting three funny things for a week); and (3) test the effectiveness of the counting kindness, gift of time, and another door opens-interventions in an online setting. A total of 622 adults subjected themselves to one of the nine interventions or to a placebo control exercise (early memories) and thereafter estimated their degrees of happiness and depression at five times (pre- and post-test, 1-, 3-, and 6 months follow-up). Eight of the nine interventions increased happiness; depression was decreased in all groups, including the placebo control group. We conclude that happiness can be enhanced through some “strengths-based” interventions. Possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of the interventions are discussed. 相似文献
635.
Philosophical Studies - Opponents to consciousness in fish argue that fish do not feel pain because they do not have a neocortex, which is a necessary condition for feeling pain. A common... 相似文献
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This Special Issue of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory dedicated to Dr. Richard Thompson to celebrate his 80th birthday and his numerous contributions to the field of learning and memory gave us the opportunity to revisit the hypothesis we proposed more than 25years ago regarding the biochemistry of learning and memory. This review summarizes our early 1980s hypothesis and then describes how it was tested and modified over the years following its introduction. We then discuss the current status of the hypothesis and provide some examples of how it has led to unexpected insights into the memory problems that accompany a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders. 相似文献
639.
Fabian Wendt 《Res Publica》2011,17(2):175-192
Philip Pettit’s republican conception of freedom is presented as an alternative both to negative and positive conceptions
of freedom. The basic idea is to conceptualize freedom as non-domination, not as non-interference or self-mastery. When compared
to negative freedom, Pettit’s republican conception comprises two controversial claims: the claim that we are unfree if we
are dominated without actual interference, and the claim that we are free if we face interference without domination. Because
the slave is a widely accepted paradigm of the unfree person, the case of a slave with a non-interfering master is often cited
as providing a good argument for the first republican claim and against a negative conception of freedom. One aim of this
article is to raise doubts about whether this is true. The other aim of the article is to show that the prisoner—also a paradigm
of the unfree person—presents a good argument against the second republican claim and in favour of a negative conception of
freedom. This is called the ‘prisoner-argument’. It will be argued that neither Pettit’s distinction between free persons
and free choices nor his distinction between compromising and conditioning factors of freedom can help to rebut the charge
of the prisoner-argument. 相似文献
640.
Belguermi A Bovet D Pascal A Prévot-Julliard AC Saint Jalme M Rat-Fischer L Leboucher G 《Animal cognition》2011,14(6):909-914
Considered as plague in many cities, pigeons in urban areas live close to human activities and exploit this proximity to find
food which is often directly delivered by people. In this study, we explored the capacity of feral pigeons to take advantage
of this human-based food resource and discriminate between friendly and hostile people. Our study was conducted in an urban
park. Pigeons were fed by two experimenters of approximately the same age and skin colour but wearing coats of different colours.
During the training sessions, the two human feeders displayed different attitudes: one of the feeders was neutral and the
second was hostile and chased away the pigeons. During the two test phases subsequent to the training phase, both feeders
became neutral. Two experiments were conducted, one with one male and one female feeder and the second with two female feeders.
In both experiments, the pigeons learned to quickly (six to nine sessions) discriminate between the feeders and maintained
this discrimination during the test phases. The pigeons avoided the hostile feeder even when the two feeders exchanged their
coats, suggesting that they used stable individual characteristics to differentiate between the experimenter feeders. Thus,
pigeons are able to learn quickly from their interactions with human feeders and use this knowledge to maximize the profitability
of the urban environment. This study provides the first experimental evidence in feral pigeons for this level of human discrimination. 相似文献