Yaniv Mama  Michal Icht 《Memory (Hove, England)》2018,26(5):589-602

The Production Effect (PE) represents superior memory for produced (read aloud) relative to non-produced (silently read) items. Another method of improving memory is taking a test on the study material – the Testing Effect. We evaluated the combined influence of both effects on free recall memory, using delayed vocal production, in which study words were vocally produced only after their disappearance. Such procedure involves an initial instant test since participants had to vocally retrieve the words (rather than read them aloud). In five experiments, participants were presented with study words that they were instructed to learn by no-production (reading silently), immediate production (reading aloud), delayed reading aloud, or delayed vocal production (instant retrieval). The results showed superior recall for delayed production over all other conditions. We suggest that the source of this superiority is the desirable difficulty induced by the addition of the initial test (retrieval effort) to the vocal production. The novel delayed production condition forms a superior mnemonic.  相似文献   

    

Michal Bilewicz 《Psychological inquiry》2016,27(2):89-95

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Katarzyna Stasiuk  Michal Bilewicz 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2013,23(6):481-491

There is a growing body of evidence that intergroup relations are affected not only by direct contact with outgroup members, but also by extended contact: the mere knowledge that an ingroup member has a positive relationship with an outgroup. The present article focuses on the transgenerationally transmitted effects of contact, namely the impact of knowledge about ancestors’ contact with outgroup members on descendants’ attitudes toward the outgroup. A correlational study in the Polish–Ukrainian borderland region (N = 288) shows that ancestral intergroup contact – independently from direct intergroup contact – plays a crucial role in the process of improving intergroup attitudes. The mediating mechanisms of perceived similarity of the outgroup to the self and of perspective taking are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Rivka Landau  Miri Avital  Andrea Berger  Naama Atzaba‐Poria  Shoshana Arbelle  Michal Faroy  Judith G. Auerbach 《Infant mental health journal》2010,31(2):141-158

Patterns of interaction between parents and 7‐month‐old boys at familial risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a comparison group were studied during a warm‐up and two play episodes. The sample included 78 (47 at‐risk, 31 comparison) mother–child and 45 (27 at‐risk, 18 comparison) father–child dyads. A coding system developed by G. Kochanska (1997, 1998) was used. Infants in the risk group did not differ from the comparison group in the rate of emission of infant‐related events. However, they received less adequate responsivity from both their fathers and their mothers to these events, and specifically to negative emotions or distress, than did the comparison group. Maternal psychopathology did not account for these findings. Mothers were more adequately responsive than were fathers, especially for physiological needs. The association between nonoptimal interaction in infancy and the development of ADHD is discussed.  相似文献   

    

Yaniv Mama  Michal Icht 《Memory (Hove, England)》2016,24(1):98-113

The production effect (PE) documents the advantage in memory performance for words that are read aloud during study, rather than words that are read silently. Until now, the PE was examined in the visual modality, as the participants read the study words. In the present study, we extended the PE phenomenon and used the auditory modality at study. This novel methodology provides a critical test of the distinctiveness account. Accordingly, the participants heard the study words and learned them by vocal production (saying aloud) or by writing, followed by a free recall test. The use of the auditory modality yielded a memory advantage for words that were written during study over words that were vocally produced. We explain this result in light of the encoding distinctiveness account, suggesting that the PE is determined by the number of different encoding processes involved in learning, emphasising the essential role of active production.  相似文献   

    

Nurit Tal‐Or  Michal Hershman‐Shitrit 《人类交流研究》2015,41(2):245-267

Reality TV shows are characterized by the very intimate self‐disclosure of their participants early on in the shows. In everyday interactions, however, such intimate self‐disclosure is welcomed only when it evolves gradually. This discrepancy between reality shows and real life apparently contradicts previous research documenting the similarity between real relationships and relationships with media characters. The current research explores this apparent contradiction by examining whether the relationship between self‐disclosure and liking and the rules about the timing of self‐disclosure that apply in everyday interactions apply in reality TV. Study 1 shows that viewers prefer characters who make early intimate disclosures, and Study 2 shows that they prefer this disclosure to evolve gradually and become more intimate, as in real relationships.  相似文献   

    

Angus J. Duff  Mark Podolsky  Michal Biron  Christopher C. A. Chan 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2015,88(1):61-79

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Lavidor M 《Brain and cognition》2002,48(2-3):413-417

CaSe AlTeRnAtIoN effects on the two cerebral hemispheres were studied in a lateralized visual lexical decision task with 32 right-handed participants. The study aimed to compare two well-known lateralization theories, the two processing modes and the abstractive/form-specific theories, that differ in the predictions regarding case alternation effects on the hemispheres. The experiment employed the masked priming paradigm, where prime and target words were presented in mixed case. The results of the experiment demonstrated no hemispheric differences in priming size when prime and target were similar in (mixed) case, thus were in line with the two modes theory. However, a new interpretation to the abstractive/form-specific model may also account for the results.  相似文献   

    

Dariusz Dolinski  Michal Ciszek  Kacper Godlewski  Michal Zawadzki 《European journal of social psychology》2002,32(4):435-447

The assumption that mindlessness underlies the effectiveness of the ‘fear‐then‐relief’ social influence technique has been verified in four studies. The first two experiments indicated that compliance of those experiment participants who were made to function on the thoughtful level under a ‘fear‐then‐relief’ condition decreases to the level observed in the control group. The other two experiments were to analyze the cognitive functioning of people who at first experience fear and then a sudden and unexpected relief. The first of these experiments indicated that the amount of time needed to detect the expression of emotion on other persons' faces is prolonged, and the second of these latter two experiments that the participants' arithmetical abilities are impaired (mental addition and subtraction of three two‐digit numbers). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Michal Kravel-Tovi 《Religion》2013,43(3):248-260

The study explores how the meshichistim (messianics) among the Jewish ultra-orthodox Chabad(Lubavitch) Hasidim manage the rupture entailed by the death of their leader, the Rebbe, whom they uphold as the King Messiah. Based on ethnographic research of contemporary pilgrimage to the Rebbe's court in Brooklyn, whose rituals and pedagogical framework are constructed by the meshichistim, the study problematizes the functional assumptions and implications of the rich literature on failed prophecies in millenarian movements, a literature heavily influenced by the theoretical model of cognitive dissonance. The case of Chabad meshichistim suggests that a millenarian group can reinvent itself through multifaceted cultural, pedagogical and ritual endeavors that are rife with internal contradictions. Moreover, these endeavors reveal that the rupture has not been balanced, regularized or normalized, but rather expresses the continuous complexity of life in its shadow.  相似文献