Parental defense style and child competence: A match-mismatch hypothesis

This study sought to explore the possible relationship between parental style of psychological defense and children's social competence in 50 families in which one parent had been hospitalized for a psychiatric disorder. Based upon a formal analysis of the logical transformations inherent in various defense mechanisms, three levels of complexity of defenses were identified, along with a counterpart set of cognitive operations necessary for decoding these defense levels. It was hypothesized that children lacking the requisite cognitive skills to grasp the logical complexities of their disturbed parent's primary mode of psychological defense would be less socially adjusted and judged less competent than children who could understand the defensive transformations of their parent. The results suggested that children who, due to their cognitive immaturity, are potentially     

Weber's influence in Weimar Germany

The thesis that Weber was without influence in Weimar Germany is examined. It is shown that in contemporary published assessments and in private statements in interviews contemporary sociologists regarded him as important. The many dissertations on Weber and the enormous secondary literature are noted. This literature, which was contributed by some of the best minds of the day, included both the philosophical and sociological aspects of Weber's work. It is concluded that the thesis that Weber was without influence is false.     

Identifying emergent leaders in psychotherapy groups

This paper is the second in the series on group development and emergent leadership. It describes the design of a sociometric instrument which will be used for the identification of the four emerging leaders from the perspective of the group participants themselves. These four leaders, Task, Emotional, Scapegoat and Defiant, perform ongoing maintenance functions in the group and take up the critical function of spokesmen in the group's dialectical processing of phase-specific, group level issues. The goal here is to design an instrument which would allow both clinician and researcher to identify these critical persons early in a group's life.Ariadne P. Back is in private practice in Chicago, Illinois.     

Minor physical anomalies in exceptional children: A review and critique of research

The study of the relationship between physical characteristics and behavior is placed in historical context. Current research concerned with the implications of minor physical anomalies is reviewed. Anomalies, measurement considerations, relationship between anomalies and selected characteristics, methodological issues, and underlying assumptions are examined. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are provided.     

The development of the concept of self-actualization in the writings of abraham Maslow

The development of Maslow’s concept of self-actualization is traced through four decades of his published writings. It is argued that his views evolved in content and sophistication, but that he never achieved a final coherent theory of self-actualization. Certain characteristics of Maslow’s approach are discussed, and it is suggested that these may have prevented the development of a satisfactory formulation.     

The linguistic organization of public controversy: A note on the pragmatics of political discourse

Conclusion This paper does not mean to imply that it is only public controversy that can meaningfully affect political outcomes, or even that it is the most important factor. Rather, we have attempted to indicate that public controversy constitutes a forum on which political actorsact; on which they attempt to implicate each other and the public in terms of some preferred view of the controversy at hand. It is certainly the case that the formal structure of the government and power relationships provides important constraints in terms of which controversy may take place. Yet within these constraints, actors can meaningfully construct various views of the structure of the controversy which differently construe the rights and obligations of participants. In this sense, the course of public controversy may in part be understood as a function of the language employed by these actors, both to the extent that particular expressions stand as documentary evidence of underlying discrepancies about the shape of the controversy and to the extent that the logic of certain speech-acts constrains the forms subsequent statements may take.     

聋童执行功能发展：聋童与正常儿童的比较

利用标准Dimensional Change Card Sort任务(DCCS),对76名智力正常的3~8岁聋童和78名3~5.5岁的正常儿童进行了对比测试,旨在考察聋童执行功能发展的年龄特征与发展水平。结果发现,3岁组的聋童和正常儿童在DCCS任务上的表现没有显著性差异,但正常儿童在4~4.5岁时进入一个迅速发展期,而聋童要在6岁时才有快速的发展,到7岁后才相当于正常儿童5岁的发展水平,大约滞后2年。研究认为,造成聋童执行功能发展滞后的原因主要有：（1）语言符号系统和聋童特有的符号系统之间可能存在的差异;（2）聋童可能存在计划和灵活性的缺陷;（3）聋童可能存在命名和标识策略上的困难和注意机制的缺陷。结合关于聋童心理理论发展滞后于正常儿童7年以上的报道,心理理论发展和执行功能发展在聋童身上表现出较大的不一致性。     

四参数模型对被试作答异常现象的拟合与纠正

心理与教育测验中存在着被试作答异常现象(能力测验中的猜测现象和睡眠现象, 人格测验中的非0下渐近线现象和非1上渐近线现象), 会导致被试能力或人格特征的测量偏差。在能力测验中, 研究者已提出了多种方法来纠正猜测现象和睡眠现象, 这些方法往往需要调整或删除被试作答信息, 而四参数模型不需要改变被试作答信息而能有效纠正被试能力高估或低估现象。在人格测验中存在着非0下渐近线和非1上渐近线现象, 四参数模型能增强测验项目拟合性能, 提高人格测验的准确性。