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971.
The proposal that peripheral visual changes (cues) tend to summon attention automatically was tested by studying the effect
of peripheral cueing on simple detection latency. Delay between cue onset and target onset, the contingent relationship between
cue location and target location, and instructions to subjects were manipulated. Results showed that a peripheral display
change could capture attention even when the target was far more likely to appear at an uncued location. When subjects were
explicitly informed that targets were likely to appear away from the cued location they were able to suppress this effect,
but were unable completely to reverse it by rapidly orienting attention towards the uncued side. Hence the process appears
to be automatic in the sense that it occurs unless there are explicit instructions to the contrary. With explicit instructions
the processing operation can be suppressed, but not completely reversed.
This work was supported by the U.K. Admiralty Research Establishment (Research Agreement No. 53482). 相似文献
972.
Clinical staff’s attributions about diabetes management were measured using newly developed scales. Eighty-five physicians
and nurses provided data to investigate the psychometric properties of the scales and to examine the patterns of attributions
made. Alpha coefficients for the 7 six-item scales were satisfactory, ranging from .51 to .73. A comparison between attributions
for positive and negative outcomes of diabetes management produced examples of self-serving bias. Comparisons were made with
data from 286 insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Staff tended to rate patients as having less personal control over positive
outcomes (t=2.94;df=338;p<.01) and tended to emphasize chance to a greater extent than did the patients (t=−4.32;df=338;p<.001). There was a tendency for staff to rate negative outcomes as being more foreseeable by the patients than the patients
did themselves (t=−3.11;df=346;p<.01). Both patients and staff demonstrated bias towards dispositional attributions. The implications of between and within
group differences in attribution patterns are discussed.
The research presented here was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A. (No. AM28196) and
from the British Diabetic Association to Dr. C. Bradley. 相似文献
973.
This study set out to investigate the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern, the need for approval, and the need
to prove oneself. One hundred and two subjects completed four questionnaires: two measuring A-type behavior, one social desirability,
and one—especially devised for this study—the belief in the need to prove oneself consistently. Results showed that Type A’s
have significantly lower needs for approval than Type B’s, yet appear to show considerably greater interest in comparing their
achievements with others. It seems that Type A’s do not have any special need to prove their worth to others, but that they
must constantly prove themselves to themselves. Limitations of this preliminary study are discussed. 相似文献
974.
Sixteen student volunteers were administered a placebo and 50 mg. of chlorpromazine in tablet form, on separate occasions,
two hours before testing. The three tests measured dichotic listening performance, lateral eye movements while answering questions
about spatial location and verbal meaning, and lateralized facial expression while relating pleasant and unpleasant life incidents.
Results showed that chlorpromazine increased the number of trials showing an ear advantage in dichotic listening. Chlorpromazine
reduced lateral and increased vertical eye movements in response to the questions about spatial location and verbal meaning.
Under the placebo both negative and positive emotions were expressed more in the left face. Although chlorpromazine did not
affect this lateralization of negative emotions, the expression of positive emotions occurred equally often on the two sides
of the face under chlorpromazine. Results may be related to an effect of chlorpromazine on the asymmetrical dopamine pathways
of the brain. It is suggested that the findings may be related to a left hemisphere deficit in schizophrenia. 相似文献
975.
976.
Michael Lyvers B.A. Gayle Boyd Ph.D. Irving Maltzman Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1987,22(1):7-15
Effects of smoking on spontaneous bilateral skin conductance were studied as a consequence of interactions with set and setting. Bilateral skin conductance was recorded in six men and six women who smoked and an equal number of nonsmokers on two different days. On the first day, spontaneous electrodermal activity was recorded before and after a 10-minute rest period during which half the smokers smoked a cigarette. On the second day, one week later, spontaneous activity was again recorded before and after a 10-minute rest period during which the remaining smokers smoked a cigarette. Nonsmokers did not smoke at any time. Following smoking there was a significant negative correlation between a preference for visual over nonvisual imagery and spontaneous skin conductance responsivity in the left as compared to the right hand. Correlations were significantly different in smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers showed significantly greater preferences for either visual or nonvisual imagery than nonsmokers. Nonresponding nonsmokers were higher on the psychoticism (P) scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) than responding nonsmokers. Smokers scored higher on P than nonsmokers. Interactions between personality, cognitive style, and the experimental situation, set, and setting were discussed in relation to the arousing effects of nicotine. 相似文献
977.
978.
S Hesse-Biber A Clayton-Matthews J A Downey 《Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs》1987,113(4):509-528
Among a sample of American college students, body image and the degree of desired weight change were associated with academic self-rankings, with social and psychological well-being, and with the development of eating difficulties. The effects of body image and desired weight change on eating disorders were generally found to be greater for women than for men, and their effects on student self-rankings of academic ability, social, and psychological traits were more pervasive for women than for men. The less attractive a woman perceived herself to be and the more weight she wanted to lose, the greater was her overall sense of academic, social, and psychological impairment. Women who had poor body images and who desired to lose weight were more likely to report eating difficulties. 相似文献
979.
Richard S. Lehman 《Behavior research methods》1987,19(2):128-130
A one-semester course in statistics and research design is described. All computations are carried out by a Macintosh computer. No hand calculation is expected of the students, and little class time is spent on computational procedure. The course covers much more statistical content than is the norm for a one-semester course, and student understanding of the logic of the material and its application is enhanced. 相似文献
980.
The objective of this study was to determine what amount of change in heart electrophysiology is necessary to yield a significant difference between a baseline condition and an experimental treatment condition. In a single-subject longitudinal design, a modification of at test was applied to baseline data, and the performance levels for both .05 and .01 probability levels were obtained. It was concluded that it is both ethically sound and physiologically safe to permit a subject in this type of experiment to physiologically respond at levels that would reach both the .05 and the .01 levels of significance. 相似文献