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191.
Two studies of college undergraduates (ns = 95 and 92, primarily non-Hispanic whites and Asian Americans) investigated gender stereotypes of stress and emotion, as
well as variables that influence the perception of gender-related differences. Study 1 assessed how gender stereotypes differ
from the self-reports of men and women. When asked to choose a label for the subjective experience of the average man and
the average woman in a series of problematic hypothetical situations, participants generally tended to believe that the average
female would feel ‘emotional,” but that the average male would feel “stressed.” By contrast, the label participants chose
to describe their own subjective experience was not significantly affected by their gender. In addition, participants believed
the average woman and man differed more in the intensity of their emotions than in the intensity of their stress, a belief
contradicted by their own self-reports. Results of Study 2 indicated that gender-related differences in estimations of stress
and emotion for the self were reduced or eliminated when specific information about experience-eliciting situations was provided.
We would like to thank Matthew Dank for his help in preparing the stimulus materials. 相似文献
192.
From antiquity to the present, humans have debated whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. This presentation will survey this debate, examining the roles played in it by science, religion, philosophy, and other areas of human learning. One thesis that will be developed is that whether or not extraterrestrials exist, ideas about them have strongly influenced Western thought. 相似文献
193.
This study examined the extent to which psychologists, when compared to university professors and evening school students,
employ individualist values differentially in their responses to vignettes describing males and females. The participants
responded to 6 vignettes by choosing initial hypotheses that reflected either utilitarian (tradition-ally masculine) or expressive
(traditionally feminine) themes. Two vignettes involved a sex of client manipulation, but neither resulted in a sex of client
effect. An analysis of the responses to the remaining 4 vignettes indicated a marked preference for the masculine form of
individualism for males, but were evenly divided for females in all three groups. These results suggest that psychologists
were just as likely to engage in bias as others. 相似文献
194.
Michael J. Tarr Hemnch H. Bulthoff Manon Zabinski Volker Blanz 《Psychological science》1997,8(4):282-289
Abstract— We investigated how varying the number of unique pans within an object influences recognition across changes in viewpoint The stimuli were shaded objects composed of five three-dimensional volumes tinted end to end with varying connection angles Of the five volumes, zero, one, three, or jive were qualitatively distinct (e g, brick vs cone), the rest being tubes Sequential-matching and naming tasks depth Three major results stand out First, regardless of the number of distinct parts, there was increasingly poorer recognition performance viewpoint change for objects with one unique part was less than that for the other objects Third, additional pans beyond a single unique part produced strong viewpoint dependency comparable to that ob representations encode both quantitative and qualitative features 相似文献
195.
INTERRUPTING IRONIC PROCESSES 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract— Research on ironic mental control processes makes the under appreciated point that attempts to solve problems sometimes make them worse. Social scientists now know much about what ironic processes look like less about why they occur and too little about how to change them. Features of the exacerbation process itself suggest parsimonious approaches to treatment based on interrupting the "solutions" that keep ironic mental processes going (e.g. compliance-based paradoxical intervention). Extending Wegner's explication of ironic interpersonal (mental) processes we propose that ironic interpersonal (social) processes also maintain many human problems in this area will benefit from attending more to how problems persist between people as well as within them. 相似文献
196.
Abstract— Generating a use far a visual word in comparison with reading the word aloud activates frontal attention areas first (170 MS), a left lateral frontal area next (250 ms), and then a left temporoparietal (Wernicke's) area (650 ms). A brief period of practice reduces these activations. If subjects are asked to respond to a word from the same practiced list by giving a novel use, the original activations reappear and are joined by activity similar in location and time to Wernicke's activation but in the right hemisphere. These findings demonstrate the time course of activations of neuroanatomical areas in word processing and indicate a role for the right hemisphere when semantic processing is more difficult, such as in generating a less frequent association in the presence of a highly practiced one. 相似文献
197.
198.
Jörg R. J. Schirra 《Kognitionswissenschaft》1997,6(4):177-195
How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation. 相似文献
199.
200.
David B. Gray Sheila Connor Michael Decatur 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(4):367-377
The belief-in-equality construct is defined as the belief that general ability and potential are widely distributed throughout the human population, rather than being limited to an elite minority. Data from a 21-item belief-in-equality inventory and from two construct-validation tasks were gathered using a liberal-arts undergraduate sample of 201 students. Of the two validation tasks, one indicated strong construct validity ( p < .015), however, the second one produced correctly patterned but insignificant results. The results showed that leaders with a high belief in equality put more funds into training their subordinates and had a tendency to delegate more authority to them than leaders with a weak belief in equality. 相似文献